| =head1 NAME |
| |
| perlebcdic - Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms |
| |
| =head1 DESCRIPTION |
| |
| An exploration of some of the issues facing Perl programmers |
| on EBCDIC based computers. We do not cover localization, |
| internationalization, or multi byte character set issues other |
| than some discussion of UTF-8 and UTF-EBCDIC. |
| |
| Portions that are still incomplete are marked with XXX. |
| |
| =head1 COMMON CHARACTER CODE SETS |
| |
| =head2 ASCII |
| |
| The American Standard Code for Information Interchange is a set of |
| integers running from 0 to 127 (decimal) that imply character |
| interpretation by the display and other system(s) of computers. |
| The range 0..127 can be covered by setting the bits in a 7-bit binary |
| digit, hence the set is sometimes referred to as a "7-bit ASCII". |
| ASCII was described by the American National Standards Institute |
| document ANSI X3.4-1986. It was also described by ISO 646:1991 |
| (with localization for currency symbols). The full ASCII set is |
| given in the table below as the first 128 elements. Languages that |
| can be written adequately with the characters in ASCII include |
| English, Hawaiian, Indonesian, Swahili and some Native American |
| languages. |
| |
| There are many character sets that extend the range of integers |
| from 0..2**7-1 up to 2**8-1, or 8 bit bytes (octets if you prefer). |
| One common one is the ISO 8859-1 character set. |
| |
| =head2 ISO 8859 |
| |
| The ISO 8859-$n are a collection of character code sets from the |
| International Organization for Standardization (ISO) each of which |
| adds characters to the ASCII set that are typically found in European |
| languages many of which are based on the Roman, or Latin, alphabet. |
| |
| =head2 Latin 1 (ISO 8859-1) |
| |
| A particular 8-bit extension to ASCII that includes grave and acute |
| accented Latin characters. Languages that can employ ISO 8859-1 |
| include all the languages covered by ASCII as well as Afrikaans, |
| Albanian, Basque, Catalan, Danish, Faroese, Finnish, Norwegian, |
| Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish. Dutch is covered albeit without |
| the ij ligature. French is covered too but without the oe ligature. |
| German can use ISO 8859-1 but must do so without German-style |
| quotation marks. This set is based on Western European extensions |
| to ASCII and is commonly encountered in world wide web work. |
| In IBM character code set identification terminology ISO 8859-1 is |
| also known as CCSID 819 (or sometimes 0819 or even 00819). |
| |
| =head2 EBCDIC |
| |
| The Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code refers to a |
| large collection of slightly different single and multi byte |
| coded character sets that are different from ASCII or ISO 8859-1 |
| and typically run on host computers. The EBCDIC encodings derive |
| from 8 bit byte extensions of Hollerith punched card encodings. |
| The layout on the cards was such that high bits were set for the |
| upper and lower case alphabet characters [a-z] and [A-Z], but there |
| were gaps within each latin alphabet range. |
| |
| Some IBM EBCDIC character sets may be known by character code set |
| identification numbers (CCSID numbers) or code page numbers. Leading |
| zero digits in CCSID numbers within this document are insignificant. |
| E.g. CCSID 0037 may be referred to as 37 in places. |
| |
| =head2 13 variant characters |
| |
| Among IBM EBCDIC character code sets there are 13 characters that |
| are often mapped to different integer values. Those characters |
| are known as the 13 "variant" characters and are: |
| |
| \ [ ] { } ^ ~ ! # | $ @ ` |
| |
| =head2 0037 |
| |
| Character code set ID 0037 is a mapping of the ASCII plus Latin-1 |
| characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set. 0037 is used |
| in North American English locales on the OS/400 operating system |
| that runs on AS/400 computers. CCSID 37 differs from ISO 8859-1 |
| in 237 places, in other words they agree on only 19 code point values. |
| |
| =head2 1047 |
| |
| Character code set ID 1047 is also a mapping of the ASCII plus |
| Latin-1 characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set. 1047 is |
| used under Unix System Services for OS/390 or z/OS, and OpenEdition |
| for VM/ESA. CCSID 1047 differs from CCSID 0037 in eight places. |
| |
| =head2 POSIX-BC |
| |
| The EBCDIC code page in use on Siemens' BS2000 system is distinct from |
| 1047 and 0037. It is identified below as the POSIX-BC set. |
| |
| =head2 Unicode code points versus EBCDIC code points |
| |
| In Unicode terminology a I<code point> is the number assigned to a |
| character: for example, in EBCDIC the character "A" is usually assigned |
| the number 193. In Unicode the character "A" is assigned the number 65. |
| This causes a problem with the semantics of the pack/unpack "U", which |
| are supposed to pack Unicode code points to characters and back to numbers. |
| The problem is: which code points to use for code points less than 256? |
| (for 256 and over there's no problem: Unicode code points are used) |
| In EBCDIC, for the low 256 the EBCDIC code points are used. This |
| means that the equivalences |
| |
| pack("U", ord($character)) eq $character |
| unpack("U", $character) == ord $character |
| |
| will hold. (If Unicode code points were applied consistently over |
| all the possible code points, pack("U",ord("A")) would in EBCDIC |
| equal I<A with acute> or chr(101), and unpack("U", "A") would equal |
| 65, or I<non-breaking space>, not 193, or ord "A".) |
| |
| =head2 Remaining Perl Unicode problems in EBCDIC |
| |
| =over 4 |
| |
| =item * |
| |
| Many of the remaining seem to be related to case-insensitive matching: |
| for example, C<< /[\x{131}]/ >> (LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I) does |
| not match "I" case-insensitively, as it should under Unicode. |
| (The match succeeds in ASCII-derived platforms.) |
| |
| =item * |
| |
| The extensions Unicode::Collate and Unicode::Normalized are not |
| supported under EBCDIC, likewise for the encoding pragma. |
| |
| =back |
| |
| =head2 Unicode and UTF |
| |
| UTF is a Unicode Transformation Format. UTF-8 is a Unicode conforming |
| representation of the Unicode standard that looks very much like ASCII. |
| UTF-EBCDIC is an attempt to represent Unicode characters in an EBCDIC |
| transparent manner. |
| |
| =head2 Using Encode |
| |
| Starting from Perl 5.8 you can use the standard new module Encode |
| to translate from EBCDIC to Latin-1 code points |
| |
| use Encode 'from_to'; |
| |
| my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' ); |
| |
| # $a is in EBCDIC code points |
| from_to($a, $ebcdic{ord '^'}, 'latin1'); |
| # $a is ISO 8859-1 code points |
| |
| and from Latin-1 code points to EBCDIC code points |
| |
| use Encode 'from_to'; |
| |
| my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' ); |
| |
| # $a is ISO 8859-1 code points |
| from_to($a, 'latin1', $ebcdic{ord '^'}); |
| # $a is in EBCDIC code points |
| |
| For doing I/O it is suggested that you use the autotranslating features |
| of PerlIO, see L<perluniintro>. |
| |
| Since version 5.8 Perl uses the new PerlIO I/O library. This enables |
| you to use different encodings per IO channel. For example you may use |
| |
| use Encode; |
| open($f, ">:encoding(ascii)", "test.ascii"); |
| print $f "Hello World!\n"; |
| open($f, ">:encoding(cp37)", "test.ebcdic"); |
| print $f "Hello World!\n"; |
| open($f, ">:encoding(latin1)", "test.latin1"); |
| print $f "Hello World!\n"; |
| open($f, ">:encoding(utf8)", "test.utf8"); |
| print $f "Hello World!\n"; |
| |
| to get two files containing "Hello World!\n" in ASCII, CP 37 EBCDIC, |
| ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) (in this example identical to ASCII) respective |
| UTF-EBCDIC (in this example identical to normal EBCDIC). See the |
| documentation of Encode::PerlIO for details. |
| |
| As the PerlIO layer uses raw IO (bytes) internally, all this totally |
| ignores things like the type of your filesystem (ASCII or EBCDIC). |
| |
| =head1 SINGLE OCTET TABLES |
| |
| The following tables list the ASCII and Latin 1 ordered sets including |
| the subsets: C0 controls (0..31), ASCII graphics (32..7e), delete (7f), |
| C1 controls (80..9f), and Latin-1 (a.k.a. ISO 8859-1) (a0..ff). In the |
| table non-printing control character names as well as the Latin 1 |
| extensions to ASCII have been labelled with character names roughly |
| corresponding to I<The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0> albeit with |
| substitutions such as s/LATIN// and s/VULGAR// in all cases, |
| s/CAPITAL LETTER// in some cases, and s/SMALL LETTER ([A-Z])/\l$1/ |
| in some other cases (the C<charnames> pragma names unfortunately do |
| not list explicit names for the C0 or C1 control characters). The |
| "names" of the C1 control set (128..159 in ISO 8859-1) listed here are |
| somewhat arbitrary. The differences between the 0037 and 1047 sets are |
| flagged with ***. The differences between the 1047 and POSIX-BC sets |
| are flagged with ###. All ord() numbers listed are decimal. If you |
| would rather see this table listing octal values then run the table |
| (that is, the pod version of this document since this recipe may not |
| work with a pod2_other_format translation) through: |
| |
| =over 4 |
| |
| =item recipe 0 |
| |
| =back |
| |
| perl -ne 'if(/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \ |
| -e '{printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' perlebcdic.pod |
| |
| If you want to retain the UTF-x code points then in script form you |
| might want to write: |
| |
| =over 4 |
| |
| =item recipe 1 |
| |
| =back |
| |
| open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!"; |
| while (<FH>) { |
| if (/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)/) { |
| if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') { |
| printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-3o.%-5o%-3o.%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9); |
| } |
| elsif ($7 ne '') { |
| printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-3o.%-5o%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8); |
| } |
| else { |
| printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8); |
| } |
| } |
| } |
| |
| If you would rather see this table listing hexadecimal values then |
| run the table through: |
| |
| =over 4 |
| |
| =item recipe 2 |
| |
| =back |
| |
| perl -ne 'if(/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \ |
| -e '{printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' perlebcdic.pod |
| |
| Or, in order to retain the UTF-x code points in hexadecimal: |
| |
| =over 4 |
| |
| =item recipe 3 |
| |
| =back |
| |
| open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!"; |
| while (<FH>) { |
| if (/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)/) { |
| if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') { |
| printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-2X.%-6X%-2X.%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9); |
| } |
| elsif ($7 ne '') { |
| printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-2X.%-6X%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8); |
| } |
| else { |
| printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8); |
| } |
| } |
| } |
| |
| |
| incomp- incomp- |
| 8859-1 lete lete |
| chr 0819 0037 1047 POSIX-BC UTF-8 UTF-EBCDIC |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| <NULL> 0 0 0 0 0 0 |
| <START OF HEADING> 1 1 1 1 1 1 |
| <START OF TEXT> 2 2 2 2 2 2 |
| <END OF TEXT> 3 3 3 3 3 3 |
| <END OF TRANSMISSION> 4 55 55 55 4 55 |
| <ENQUIRY> 5 45 45 45 5 45 |
| <ACKNOWLEDGE> 6 46 46 46 6 46 |
| <BELL> 7 47 47 47 7 47 |
| <BACKSPACE> 8 22 22 22 8 22 |
| <HORIZONTAL TABULATION> 9 5 5 5 9 5 |
| <LINE FEED> 10 37 21 21 10 21 *** |
| <VERTICAL TABULATION> 11 11 11 11 11 11 |
| <FORM FEED> 12 12 12 12 12 12 |
| <CARRIAGE RETURN> 13 13 13 13 13 13 |
| <SHIFT OUT> 14 14 14 14 14 14 |
| <SHIFT IN> 15 15 15 15 15 15 |
| <DATA LINK ESCAPE> 16 16 16 16 16 16 |
| <DEVICE CONTROL ONE> 17 17 17 17 17 17 |
| <DEVICE CONTROL TWO> 18 18 18 18 18 18 |
| <DEVICE CONTROL THREE> 19 19 19 19 19 19 |
| <DEVICE CONTROL FOUR> 20 60 60 60 20 60 |
| <NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE> 21 61 61 61 21 61 |
| <SYNCHRONOUS IDLE> 22 50 50 50 22 50 |
| <END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK> 23 38 38 38 23 38 |
| <CANCEL> 24 24 24 24 24 24 |
| <END OF MEDIUM> 25 25 25 25 25 25 |
| <SUBSTITUTE> 26 63 63 63 26 63 |
| <ESCAPE> 27 39 39 39 27 39 |
| <FILE SEPARATOR> 28 28 28 28 28 28 |
| <GROUP SEPARATOR> 29 29 29 29 29 29 |
| <RECORD SEPARATOR> 30 30 30 30 30 30 |
| <UNIT SEPARATOR> 31 31 31 31 31 31 |
| <SPACE> 32 64 64 64 32 64 |
| ! 33 90 90 90 33 90 |
| " 34 127 127 127 34 127 |
| # 35 123 123 123 35 123 |
| $ 36 91 91 91 36 91 |
| % 37 108 108 108 37 108 |
| & 38 80 80 80 38 80 |
| ' 39 125 125 125 39 125 |
| ( 40 77 77 77 40 77 |
| ) 41 93 93 93 41 93 |
| * 42 92 92 92 42 92 |
| + 43 78 78 78 43 78 |
| , 44 107 107 107 44 107 |
| - 45 96 96 96 45 96 |
| . 46 75 75 75 46 75 |
| / 47 97 97 97 47 97 |
| 0 48 240 240 240 48 240 |
| 1 49 241 241 241 49 241 |
| 2 50 242 242 242 50 242 |
| 3 51 243 243 243 51 243 |
| 4 52 244 244 244 52 244 |
| 5 53 245 245 245 53 245 |
| 6 54 246 246 246 54 246 |
| 7 55 247 247 247 55 247 |
| 8 56 248 248 248 56 248 |
| 9 57 249 249 249 57 249 |
| : 58 122 122 122 58 122 |
| ; 59 94 94 94 59 94 |
| < 60 76 76 76 60 76 |
| = 61 126 126 126 61 126 |
| > 62 110 110 110 62 110 |
| ? 63 111 111 111 63 111 |
| @ 64 124 124 124 64 124 |
| A 65 193 193 193 65 193 |
| B 66 194 194 194 66 194 |
| C 67 195 195 195 67 195 |
| D 68 196 196 196 68 196 |
| E 69 197 197 197 69 197 |
| F 70 198 198 198 70 198 |
| G 71 199 199 199 71 199 |
| H 72 200 200 200 72 200 |
| I 73 201 201 201 73 201 |
| J 74 209 209 209 74 209 |
| K 75 210 210 210 75 210 |
| L 76 211 211 211 76 211 |
| M 77 212 212 212 77 212 |
| N 78 213 213 213 78 213 |
| O 79 214 214 214 79 214 |
| P 80 215 215 215 80 215 |
| Q 81 216 216 216 81 216 |
| R 82 217 217 217 82 217 |
| S 83 226 226 226 83 226 |
| T 84 227 227 227 84 227 |
| U 85 228 228 228 85 228 |
| V 86 229 229 229 86 229 |
| W 87 230 230 230 87 230 |
| X 88 231 231 231 88 231 |
| Y 89 232 232 232 89 232 |
| Z 90 233 233 233 90 233 |
| [ 91 186 173 187 91 173 *** ### |
| \ 92 224 224 188 92 224 ### |
| ] 93 187 189 189 93 189 *** |
| ^ 94 176 95 106 94 95 *** ### |
| _ 95 109 109 109 95 109 |
| ` 96 121 121 74 96 121 ### |
| a 97 129 129 129 97 129 |
| b 98 130 130 130 98 130 |
| c 99 131 131 131 99 131 |
| d 100 132 132 132 100 132 |
| e 101 133 133 133 101 133 |
| f 102 134 134 134 102 134 |
| g 103 135 135 135 103 135 |
| h 104 136 136 136 104 136 |
| i 105 137 137 137 105 137 |
| j 106 145 145 145 106 145 |
| k 107 146 146 146 107 146 |
| l 108 147 147 147 108 147 |
| m 109 148 148 148 109 148 |
| n 110 149 149 149 110 149 |
| o 111 150 150 150 111 150 |
| p 112 151 151 151 112 151 |
| q 113 152 152 152 113 152 |
| r 114 153 153 153 114 153 |
| s 115 162 162 162 115 162 |
| t 116 163 163 163 116 163 |
| u 117 164 164 164 117 164 |
| v 118 165 165 165 118 165 |
| w 119 166 166 166 119 166 |
| x 120 167 167 167 120 167 |
| y 121 168 168 168 121 168 |
| z 122 169 169 169 122 169 |
| { 123 192 192 251 123 192 ### |
| | 124 79 79 79 124 79 |
| } 125 208 208 253 125 208 ### |
| ~ 126 161 161 255 126 161 ### |
| <DELETE> 127 7 7 7 127 7 |
| <C1 0> 128 32 32 32 194.128 32 |
| <C1 1> 129 33 33 33 194.129 33 |
| <C1 2> 130 34 34 34 194.130 34 |
| <C1 3> 131 35 35 35 194.131 35 |
| <C1 4> 132 36 36 36 194.132 36 |
| <C1 5> 133 21 37 37 194.133 37 *** |
| <C1 6> 134 6 6 6 194.134 6 |
| <C1 7> 135 23 23 23 194.135 23 |
| <C1 8> 136 40 40 40 194.136 40 |
| <C1 9> 137 41 41 41 194.137 41 |
| <C1 10> 138 42 42 42 194.138 42 |
| <C1 11> 139 43 43 43 194.139 43 |
| <C1 12> 140 44 44 44 194.140 44 |
| <C1 13> 141 9 9 9 194.141 9 |
| <C1 14> 142 10 10 10 194.142 10 |
| <C1 15> 143 27 27 27 194.143 27 |
| <C1 16> 144 48 48 48 194.144 48 |
| <C1 17> 145 49 49 49 194.145 49 |
| <C1 18> 146 26 26 26 194.146 26 |
| <C1 19> 147 51 51 51 194.147 51 |
| <C1 20> 148 52 52 52 194.148 52 |
| <C1 21> 149 53 53 53 194.149 53 |
| <C1 22> 150 54 54 54 194.150 54 |
| <C1 23> 151 8 8 8 194.151 8 |
| <C1 24> 152 56 56 56 194.152 56 |
| <C1 25> 153 57 57 57 194.153 57 |
| <C1 26> 154 58 58 58 194.154 58 |
| <C1 27> 155 59 59 59 194.155 59 |
| <C1 28> 156 4 4 4 194.156 4 |
| <C1 29> 157 20 20 20 194.157 20 |
| <C1 30> 158 62 62 62 194.158 62 |
| <C1 31> 159 255 255 95 194.159 255 ### |
| <NON-BREAKING SPACE> 160 65 65 65 194.160 128.65 |
| <INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK> 161 170 170 170 194.161 128.66 |
| <CENT SIGN> 162 74 74 176 194.162 128.67 ### |
| <POUND SIGN> 163 177 177 177 194.163 128.68 |
| <CURRENCY SIGN> 164 159 159 159 194.164 128.69 |
| <YEN SIGN> 165 178 178 178 194.165 128.70 |
| <BROKEN BAR> 166 106 106 208 194.166 128.71 ### |
| <SECTION SIGN> 167 181 181 181 194.167 128.72 |
| <DIAERESIS> 168 189 187 121 194.168 128.73 *** ### |
| <COPYRIGHT SIGN> 169 180 180 180 194.169 128.74 |
| <FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR> 170 154 154 154 194.170 128.81 |
| <LEFT POINTING GUILLEMET> 171 138 138 138 194.171 128.82 |
| <NOT SIGN> 172 95 176 186 194.172 128.83 *** ### |
| <SOFT HYPHEN> 173 202 202 202 194.173 128.84 |
| <REGISTERED TRADE MARK SIGN> 174 175 175 175 194.174 128.85 |
| <MACRON> 175 188 188 161 194.175 128.86 ### |
| <DEGREE SIGN> 176 144 144 144 194.176 128.87 |
| <PLUS-OR-MINUS SIGN> 177 143 143 143 194.177 128.88 |
| <SUPERSCRIPT TWO> 178 234 234 234 194.178 128.89 |
| <SUPERSCRIPT THREE> 179 250 250 250 194.179 128.98 |
| <ACUTE ACCENT> 180 190 190 190 194.180 128.99 |
| <MICRO SIGN> 181 160 160 160 194.181 128.100 |
| <PARAGRAPH SIGN> 182 182 182 182 194.182 128.101 |
| <MIDDLE DOT> 183 179 179 179 194.183 128.102 |
| <CEDILLA> 184 157 157 157 194.184 128.103 |
| <SUPERSCRIPT ONE> 185 218 218 218 194.185 128.104 |
| <MASC. ORDINAL INDICATOR> 186 155 155 155 194.186 128.105 |
| <RIGHT POINTING GUILLEMET> 187 139 139 139 194.187 128.106 |
| <FRACTION ONE QUARTER> 188 183 183 183 194.188 128.112 |
| <FRACTION ONE HALF> 189 184 184 184 194.189 128.113 |
| <FRACTION THREE QUARTERS> 190 185 185 185 194.190 128.114 |
| <INVERTED QUESTION MARK> 191 171 171 171 194.191 128.115 |
| <A WITH GRAVE> 192 100 100 100 195.128 138.65 |
| <A WITH ACUTE> 193 101 101 101 195.129 138.66 |
| <A WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 194 98 98 98 195.130 138.67 |
| <A WITH TILDE> 195 102 102 102 195.131 138.68 |
| <A WITH DIAERESIS> 196 99 99 99 195.132 138.69 |
| <A WITH RING ABOVE> 197 103 103 103 195.133 138.70 |
| <CAPITAL LIGATURE AE> 198 158 158 158 195.134 138.71 |
| <C WITH CEDILLA> 199 104 104 104 195.135 138.72 |
| <E WITH GRAVE> 200 116 116 116 195.136 138.73 |
| <E WITH ACUTE> 201 113 113 113 195.137 138.74 |
| <E WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 202 114 114 114 195.138 138.81 |
| <E WITH DIAERESIS> 203 115 115 115 195.139 138.82 |
| <I WITH GRAVE> 204 120 120 120 195.140 138.83 |
| <I WITH ACUTE> 205 117 117 117 195.141 138.84 |
| <I WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 206 118 118 118 195.142 138.85 |
| <I WITH DIAERESIS> 207 119 119 119 195.143 138.86 |
| <CAPITAL LETTER ETH> 208 172 172 172 195.144 138.87 |
| <N WITH TILDE> 209 105 105 105 195.145 138.88 |
| <O WITH GRAVE> 210 237 237 237 195.146 138.89 |
| <O WITH ACUTE> 211 238 238 238 195.147 138.98 |
| <O WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 212 235 235 235 195.148 138.99 |
| <O WITH TILDE> 213 239 239 239 195.149 138.100 |
| <O WITH DIAERESIS> 214 236 236 236 195.150 138.101 |
| <MULTIPLICATION SIGN> 215 191 191 191 195.151 138.102 |
| <O WITH STROKE> 216 128 128 128 195.152 138.103 |
| <U WITH GRAVE> 217 253 253 224 195.153 138.104 ### |
| <U WITH ACUTE> 218 254 254 254 195.154 138.105 |
| <U WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 219 251 251 221 195.155 138.106 ### |
| <U WITH DIAERESIS> 220 252 252 252 195.156 138.112 |
| <Y WITH ACUTE> 221 173 186 173 195.157 138.113 *** ### |
| <CAPITAL LETTER THORN> 222 174 174 174 195.158 138.114 |
| <SMALL LETTER SHARP S> 223 89 89 89 195.159 138.115 |
| <a WITH GRAVE> 224 68 68 68 195.160 139.65 |
| <a WITH ACUTE> 225 69 69 69 195.161 139.66 |
| <a WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 226 66 66 66 195.162 139.67 |
| <a WITH TILDE> 227 70 70 70 195.163 139.68 |
| <a WITH DIAERESIS> 228 67 67 67 195.164 139.69 |
| <a WITH RING ABOVE> 229 71 71 71 195.165 139.70 |
| <SMALL LIGATURE ae> 230 156 156 156 195.166 139.71 |
| <c WITH CEDILLA> 231 72 72 72 195.167 139.72 |
| <e WITH GRAVE> 232 84 84 84 195.168 139.73 |
| <e WITH ACUTE> 233 81 81 81 195.169 139.74 |
| <e WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 234 82 82 82 195.170 139.81 |
| <e WITH DIAERESIS> 235 83 83 83 195.171 139.82 |
| <i WITH GRAVE> 236 88 88 88 195.172 139.83 |
| <i WITH ACUTE> 237 85 85 85 195.173 139.84 |
| <i WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 238 86 86 86 195.174 139.85 |
| <i WITH DIAERESIS> 239 87 87 87 195.175 139.86 |
| <SMALL LETTER eth> 240 140 140 140 195.176 139.87 |
| <n WITH TILDE> 241 73 73 73 195.177 139.88 |
| <o WITH GRAVE> 242 205 205 205 195.178 139.89 |
| <o WITH ACUTE> 243 206 206 206 195.179 139.98 |
| <o WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 244 203 203 203 195.180 139.99 |
| <o WITH TILDE> 245 207 207 207 195.181 139.100 |
| <o WITH DIAERESIS> 246 204 204 204 195.182 139.101 |
| <DIVISION SIGN> 247 225 225 225 195.183 139.102 |
| <o WITH STROKE> 248 112 112 112 195.184 139.103 |
| <u WITH GRAVE> 249 221 221 192 195.185 139.104 ### |
| <u WITH ACUTE> 250 222 222 222 195.186 139.105 |
| <u WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 251 219 219 219 195.187 139.106 |
| <u WITH DIAERESIS> 252 220 220 220 195.188 139.112 |
| <y WITH ACUTE> 253 141 141 141 195.189 139.113 |
| <SMALL LETTER thorn> 254 142 142 142 195.190 139.114 |
| <y WITH DIAERESIS> 255 223 223 223 195.191 139.115 |
| |
| If you would rather see the above table in CCSID 0037 order rather than |
| ASCII + Latin-1 order then run the table through: |
| |
| =over 4 |
| |
| =item recipe 4 |
| |
| =back |
| |
| perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\ |
| -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \ |
| -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \ |
| -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \ |
| -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,42,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod |
| |
| If you would rather see it in CCSID 1047 order then change the digit |
| 42 in the last line to 51, like this: |
| |
| =over 4 |
| |
| =item recipe 5 |
| |
| =back |
| |
| perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\ |
| -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \ |
| -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \ |
| -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \ |
| -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,51,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod |
| |
| If you would rather see it in POSIX-BC order then change the digit |
| 51 in the last line to 60, like this: |
| |
| =over 4 |
| |
| =item recipe 6 |
| |
| =back |
| |
| perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\ |
| -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \ |
| -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \ |
| -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \ |
| -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,60,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod |
| |
| |
| =head1 IDENTIFYING CHARACTER CODE SETS |
| |
| To determine the character set you are running under from perl one |
| could use the return value of ord() or chr() to test one or more |
| character values. For example: |
| |
| $is_ascii = "A" eq chr(65); |
| $is_ebcdic = "A" eq chr(193); |
| |
| Also, "\t" is a C<HORIZONTAL TABULATION> character so that: |
| |
| $is_ascii = ord("\t") == 9; |
| $is_ebcdic = ord("\t") == 5; |
| |
| To distinguish EBCDIC code pages try looking at one or more of |
| the characters that differ between them. For example: |
| |
| $is_ebcdic_37 = "\n" eq chr(37); |
| $is_ebcdic_1047 = "\n" eq chr(21); |
| |
| Or better still choose a character that is uniquely encoded in any |
| of the code sets, e.g.: |
| |
| $is_ascii = ord('[') == 91; |
| $is_ebcdic_37 = ord('[') == 186; |
| $is_ebcdic_1047 = ord('[') == 173; |
| $is_ebcdic_POSIX_BC = ord('[') == 187; |
| |
| However, it would be unwise to write tests such as: |
| |
| $is_ascii = "\r" ne chr(13); # WRONG |
| $is_ascii = "\n" ne chr(10); # ILL ADVISED |
| |
| Obviously the first of these will fail to distinguish most ASCII machines |
| from either a CCSID 0037, a 1047, or a POSIX-BC EBCDIC machine since "\r" eq |
| chr(13) under all of those coded character sets. But note too that |
| because "\n" is chr(13) and "\r" is chr(10) on the MacIntosh (which is an |
| ASCII machine) the second C<$is_ascii> test will lead to trouble there. |
| |
| To determine whether or not perl was built under an EBCDIC |
| code page you can use the Config module like so: |
| |
| use Config; |
| $is_ebcdic = $Config{'ebcdic'} eq 'define'; |
| |
| =head1 CONVERSIONS |
| |
| =head2 tr/// |
| |
| In order to convert a string of characters from one character set to |
| another a simple list of numbers, such as in the right columns in the |
| above table, along with perl's tr/// operator is all that is needed. |
| The data in the table are in ASCII order hence the EBCDIC columns |
| provide easy to use ASCII to EBCDIC operations that are also easily |
| reversed. |
| |
| For example, to convert ASCII to code page 037 take the output of the second |
| column from the output of recipe 0 (modified to add \\ characters) and use |
| it in tr/// like so: |
| |
| $cp_037 = |
| '\000\001\002\003\234\011\206\177\227\215\216\013\014\015\016\017' . |
| '\020\021\022\023\235\205\010\207\030\031\222\217\034\035\036\037' . |
| '\200\201\202\203\204\012\027\033\210\211\212\213\214\005\006\007' . |
| '\220\221\026\223\224\225\226\004\230\231\232\233\024\025\236\032' . |
| '\040\240\342\344\340\341\343\345\347\361\242\056\074\050\053\174' . |
| '\046\351\352\353\350\355\356\357\354\337\041\044\052\051\073\254' . |
| '\055\057\302\304\300\301\303\305\307\321\246\054\045\137\076\077' . |
| '\370\311\312\313\310\315\316\317\314\140\072\043\100\047\075\042' . |
| '\330\141\142\143\144\145\146\147\150\151\253\273\360\375\376\261' . |
| '\260\152\153\154\155\156\157\160\161\162\252\272\346\270\306\244' . |
| '\265\176\163\164\165\166\167\170\171\172\241\277\320\335\336\256' . |
| '\136\243\245\267\251\247\266\274\275\276\133\135\257\250\264\327' . |
| '\173\101\102\103\104\105\106\107\110\111\255\364\366\362\363\365' . |
| '\175\112\113\114\115\116\117\120\121\122\271\373\374\371\372\377' . |
| '\134\367\123\124\125\126\127\130\131\132\262\324\326\322\323\325' . |
| '\060\061\062\063\064\065\066\067\070\071\263\333\334\331\332\237' ; |
| |
| my $ebcdic_string = $ascii_string; |
| eval '$ebcdic_string =~ tr/' . $cp_037 . '/\000-\377/'; |
| |
| To convert from EBCDIC 037 to ASCII just reverse the order of the tr/// |
| arguments like so: |
| |
| my $ascii_string = $ebcdic_string; |
| eval '$ascii_string =~ tr/\000-\377/' . $cp_037 . '/'; |
| |
| Similarly one could take the output of the third column from recipe 0 to |
| obtain a C<$cp_1047> table. The fourth column of the output from recipe |
| 0 could provide a C<$cp_posix_bc> table suitable for transcoding as well. |
| |
| =head2 iconv |
| |
| XPG operability often implies the presence of an I<iconv> utility |
| available from the shell or from the C library. Consult your system's |
| documentation for information on iconv. |
| |
| On OS/390 or z/OS see the iconv(1) manpage. One way to invoke the iconv |
| shell utility from within perl would be to: |
| |
| # OS/390 or z/OS example |
| $ascii_data = `echo '$ebcdic_data'| iconv -f IBM-1047 -t ISO8859-1` |
| |
| or the inverse map: |
| |
| # OS/390 or z/OS example |
| $ebcdic_data = `echo '$ascii_data'| iconv -f ISO8859-1 -t IBM-1047` |
| |
| For other perl based conversion options see the Convert::* modules on CPAN. |
| |
| =head2 C RTL |
| |
| The OS/390 and z/OS C run time libraries provide _atoe() and _etoa() functions. |
| |
| =head1 OPERATOR DIFFERENCES |
| |
| The C<..> range operator treats certain character ranges with |
| care on EBCDIC machines. For example the following array |
| will have twenty six elements on either an EBCDIC machine |
| or an ASCII machine: |
| |
| @alphabet = ('A'..'Z'); # $#alphabet == 25 |
| |
| The bitwise operators such as & ^ | may return different results |
| when operating on string or character data in a perl program running |
| on an EBCDIC machine than when run on an ASCII machine. Here is |
| an example adapted from the one in L<perlop>: |
| |
| # EBCDIC-based examples |
| print "j p \n" ^ " a h"; # prints "JAPH\n" |
| print "JA" | " ph\n"; # prints "japh\n" |
| print "JAPH\nJunk" & "\277\277\277\277\277"; # prints "japh\n"; |
| print 'p N$' ^ " E<H\n"; # prints "Perl\n"; |
| |
| An interesting property of the 32 C0 control characters |
| in the ASCII table is that they can "literally" be constructed |
| as control characters in perl, e.g. C<(chr(0) eq "\c@")> |
| C<(chr(1) eq "\cA")>, and so on. Perl on EBCDIC machines has been |
| ported to take "\c@" to chr(0) and "\cA" to chr(1) as well, but the |
| thirty three characters that result depend on which code page you are |
| using. The table below uses the character names from the previous table |
| but with substitutions such as s/START OF/S.O./; s/END OF /E.O./; |
| s/TRANSMISSION/TRANS./; s/TABULATION/TAB./; s/VERTICAL/VERT./; |
| s/HORIZONTAL/HORIZ./; s/DEVICE CONTROL/D.C./; s/SEPARATOR/SEP./; |
| s/NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE/NEG. ACK./;. The POSIX-BC and 1047 sets are |
| identical throughout this range and differ from the 0037 set at only |
| one spot (21 decimal). Note that the C<LINE FEED> character |
| may be generated by "\cJ" on ASCII machines but by "\cU" on 1047 or POSIX-BC |
| machines and cannot be generated as a C<"\c.letter."> control character on |
| 0037 machines. Note also that "\c\\" maps to two characters |
| not one. |
| |
| chr ord 8859-1 0037 1047 && POSIX-BC |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| "\c?" 127 <DELETE> " " ***>< |
| "\c@" 0 <NULL> <NULL> <NULL> ***>< |
| "\cA" 1 <S.O. HEADING> <S.O. HEADING> <S.O. HEADING> |
| "\cB" 2 <S.O. TEXT> <S.O. TEXT> <S.O. TEXT> |
| "\cC" 3 <E.O. TEXT> <E.O. TEXT> <E.O. TEXT> |
| "\cD" 4 <E.O. TRANS.> <C1 28> <C1 28> |
| "\cE" 5 <ENQUIRY> <HORIZ. TAB.> <HORIZ. TAB.> |
| "\cF" 6 <ACKNOWLEDGE> <C1 6> <C1 6> |
| "\cG" 7 <BELL> <DELETE> <DELETE> |
| "\cH" 8 <BACKSPACE> <C1 23> <C1 23> |
| "\cI" 9 <HORIZ. TAB.> <C1 13> <C1 13> |
| "\cJ" 10 <LINE FEED> <C1 14> <C1 14> |
| "\cK" 11 <VERT. TAB.> <VERT. TAB.> <VERT. TAB.> |
| "\cL" 12 <FORM FEED> <FORM FEED> <FORM FEED> |
| "\cM" 13 <CARRIAGE RETURN> <CARRIAGE RETURN> <CARRIAGE RETURN> |
| "\cN" 14 <SHIFT OUT> <SHIFT OUT> <SHIFT OUT> |
| "\cO" 15 <SHIFT IN> <SHIFT IN> <SHIFT IN> |
| "\cP" 16 <DATA LINK ESCAPE> <DATA LINK ESCAPE> <DATA LINK ESCAPE> |
| "\cQ" 17 <D.C. ONE> <D.C. ONE> <D.C. ONE> |
| "\cR" 18 <D.C. TWO> <D.C. TWO> <D.C. TWO> |
| "\cS" 19 <D.C. THREE> <D.C. THREE> <D.C. THREE> |
| "\cT" 20 <D.C. FOUR> <C1 29> <C1 29> |
| "\cU" 21 <NEG. ACK.> <C1 5> <LINE FEED> *** |
| "\cV" 22 <SYNCHRONOUS IDLE> <BACKSPACE> <BACKSPACE> |
| "\cW" 23 <E.O. TRANS. BLOCK> <C1 7> <C1 7> |
| "\cX" 24 <CANCEL> <CANCEL> <CANCEL> |
| "\cY" 25 <E.O. MEDIUM> <E.O. MEDIUM> <E.O. MEDIUM> |
| "\cZ" 26 <SUBSTITUTE> <C1 18> <C1 18> |
| "\c[" 27 <ESCAPE> <C1 15> <C1 15> |
| "\c\\" 28 <FILE SEP.>\ <FILE SEP.>\ <FILE SEP.>\ |
| "\c]" 29 <GROUP SEP.> <GROUP SEP.> <GROUP SEP.> |
| "\c^" 30 <RECORD SEP.> <RECORD SEP.> <RECORD SEP.> ***>< |
| "\c_" 31 <UNIT SEP.> <UNIT SEP.> <UNIT SEP.> ***>< |
| |
| |
| =head1 FUNCTION DIFFERENCES |
| |
| =over 8 |
| |
| =item chr() |
| |
| chr() must be given an EBCDIC code number argument to yield a desired |
| character return value on an EBCDIC machine. For example: |
| |
| $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = chr(193); |
| |
| =item ord() |
| |
| ord() will return EBCDIC code number values on an EBCDIC machine. |
| For example: |
| |
| $the_number_193 = ord("A"); |
| |
| =item pack() |
| |
| The c and C templates for pack() are dependent upon character set |
| encoding. Examples of usage on EBCDIC include: |
| |
| $foo = pack("CCCC",193,194,195,196); |
| # $foo eq "ABCD" |
| $foo = pack("C4",193,194,195,196); |
| # same thing |
| |
| $foo = pack("ccxxcc",193,194,195,196); |
| # $foo eq "AB\0\0CD" |
| |
| =item print() |
| |
| One must be careful with scalars and strings that are passed to |
| print that contain ASCII encodings. One common place |
| for this to occur is in the output of the MIME type header for |
| CGI script writing. For example, many perl programming guides |
| recommend something similar to: |
| |
| print "Content-type:\ttext/html\015\012\015\012"; |
| # this may be wrong on EBCDIC |
| |
| Under the IBM OS/390 USS Web Server or WebSphere on z/OS for example |
| you should instead write that as: |
| |
| print "Content-type:\ttext/html\r\n\r\n"; # OK for DGW et alia |
| |
| That is because the translation from EBCDIC to ASCII is done |
| by the web server in this case (such code will not be appropriate for |
| the Macintosh however). Consult your web server's documentation for |
| further details. |
| |
| =item printf() |
| |
| The formats that can convert characters to numbers and vice versa |
| will be different from their ASCII counterparts when executed |
| on an EBCDIC machine. Examples include: |
| |
| printf("%c%c%c",193,194,195); # prints ABC |
| |
| =item sort() |
| |
| EBCDIC sort results may differ from ASCII sort results especially for |
| mixed case strings. This is discussed in more detail below. |
| |
| =item sprintf() |
| |
| See the discussion of printf() above. An example of the use |
| of sprintf would be: |
| |
| $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = sprintf("%c",193); |
| |
| =item unpack() |
| |
| See the discussion of pack() above. |
| |
| =back |
| |
| =head1 REGULAR EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES |
| |
| As of perl 5.005_03 the letter range regular expression such as |
| [A-Z] and [a-z] have been especially coded to not pick up gap |
| characters. For example, characters such as E<ocirc> C<o WITH CIRCUMFLEX> |
| that lie between I and J would not be matched by the |
| regular expression range C</[H-K]/>. This works in |
| the other direction, too, if either of the range end points is |
| explicitly numeric: C<[\x89-\x91]> will match C<\x8e>, even |
| though C<\x89> is C<i> and C<\x91 > is C<j>, and C<\x8e> |
| is a gap character from the alphabetic viewpoint. |
| |
| If you do want to match the alphabet gap characters in a single octet |
| regular expression try matching the hex or octal code such |
| as C</\313/> on EBCDIC or C</\364/> on ASCII machines to |
| have your regular expression match C<o WITH CIRCUMFLEX>. |
| |
| Another construct to be wary of is the inappropriate use of hex or |
| octal constants in regular expressions. Consider the following |
| set of subs: |
| |
| sub is_c0 { |
| my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
| $char =~ /[\000-\037]/; |
| } |
| |
| sub is_print_ascii { |
| my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
| $char =~ /[\040-\176]/; |
| } |
| |
| sub is_delete { |
| my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
| $char eq "\177"; |
| } |
| |
| sub is_c1 { |
| my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
| $char =~ /[\200-\237]/; |
| } |
| |
| sub is_latin_1 { |
| my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
| $char =~ /[\240-\377]/; |
| } |
| |
| The above would be adequate if the concern was only with numeric code points. |
| However, the concern may be with characters rather than code points |
| and on an EBCDIC machine it may be desirable for constructs such as |
| C<if (is_print_ascii("A")) {print "A is a printable character\n";}> to print |
| out the expected message. One way to represent the above collection |
| of character classification subs that is capable of working across the |
| four coded character sets discussed in this document is as follows: |
| |
| sub Is_c0 { |
| my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
| if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii |
| return $char =~ /[\000-\037]/; |
| } |
| if (ord('^')==176) { # 37 |
| return $char =~ /[\000-\003\067\055-\057\026\005\045\013-\023\074\075\062\046\030\031\077\047\034-\037]/; |
| } |
| if (ord('^')==95 || ord('^')==106) { # 1047 || posix-bc |
| return $char =~ /[\000-\003\067\055-\057\026\005\025\013-\023\074\075\062\046\030\031\077\047\034-\037]/; |
| } |
| } |
| |
| sub Is_print_ascii { |
| my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
| $char =~ /[ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<=>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~]/; |
| } |
| |
| sub Is_delete { |
| my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
| if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii |
| return $char eq "\177"; |
| } |
| else { # ebcdic |
| return $char eq "\007"; |
| } |
| } |
| |
| sub Is_c1 { |
| my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
| if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii |
| return $char =~ /[\200-\237]/; |
| } |
| if (ord('^')==176) { # 37 |
| return $char =~ /[\040-\044\025\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\377]/; |
| } |
| if (ord('^')==95) { # 1047 |
| return $char =~ /[\040-\045\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\377]/; |
| } |
| if (ord('^')==106) { # posix-bc |
| return $char =~ |
| /[\040-\045\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\137]/; |
| } |
| } |
| |
| sub Is_latin_1 { |
| my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
| if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii |
| return $char =~ /[\240-\377]/; |
| } |
| if (ord('^')==176) { # 37 |
| return $char =~ |
| /[\101\252\112\261\237\262\152\265\275\264\232\212\137\312\257\274\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\375\376\373\374\255\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\335\336\333\334\215\216\337]/; |
| } |
| if (ord('^')==95) { # 1047 |
| return $char =~ |
| /[\101\252\112\261\237\262\152\265\273\264\232\212\260\312\257\274\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\375\376\373\374\272\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\335\336\333\334\215\216\337]/; |
| } |
| if (ord('^')==106) { # posix-bc |
| return $char =~ |
| /[\101\252\260\261\237\262\320\265\171\264\232\212\272\312\257\241\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\340\376\335\374\255\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\300\336\333\334\215\216\337]/; |
| } |
| } |
| |
| Note however that only the C<Is_ascii_print()> sub is really independent |
| of coded character set. Another way to write C<Is_latin_1()> would be |
| to use the characters in the range explicitly: |
| |
| sub Is_latin_1 { |
| my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
| $char =~ /[ ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ]/; |
| } |
| |
| Although that form may run into trouble in network transit (due to the |
| presence of 8 bit characters) or on non ISO-Latin character sets. |
| |
| =head1 SOCKETS |
| |
| Most socket programming assumes ASCII character encodings in network |
| byte order. Exceptions can include CGI script writing under a |
| host web server where the server may take care of translation for you. |
| Most host web servers convert EBCDIC data to ISO-8859-1 or Unicode on |
| output. |
| |
| =head1 SORTING |
| |
| One big difference between ASCII based character sets and EBCDIC ones |
| are the relative positions of upper and lower case letters and the |
| letters compared to the digits. If sorted on an ASCII based machine the |
| two letter abbreviation for a physician comes before the two letter |
| for drive, that is: |
| |
| @sorted = sort(qw(Dr. dr.)); # @sorted holds ('Dr.','dr.') on ASCII, |
| # but ('dr.','Dr.') on EBCDIC |
| |
| The property of lower case before uppercase letters in EBCDIC is |
| even carried to the Latin 1 EBCDIC pages such as 0037 and 1047. |
| An example would be that E<Euml> C<E WITH DIAERESIS> (203) comes |
| before E<euml> C<e WITH DIAERESIS> (235) on an ASCII machine, but |
| the latter (83) comes before the former (115) on an EBCDIC machine. |
| (Astute readers will note that the upper case version of E<szlig> |
| C<SMALL LETTER SHARP S> is simply "SS" and that the upper case version of |
| E<yuml> C<y WITH DIAERESIS> is not in the 0..255 range but it is |
| at U+x0178 in Unicode, or C<"\x{178}"> in a Unicode enabled Perl). |
| |
| The sort order will cause differences between results obtained on |
| ASCII machines versus EBCDIC machines. What follows are some suggestions |
| on how to deal with these differences. |
| |
| =head2 Ignore ASCII vs. EBCDIC sort differences. |
| |
| This is the least computationally expensive strategy. It may require |
| some user education. |
| |
| =head2 MONO CASE then sort data. |
| |
| In order to minimize the expense of mono casing mixed test try to |
| C<tr///> towards the character set case most employed within the data. |
| If the data are primarily UPPERCASE non Latin 1 then apply tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/ |
| then sort(). If the data are primarily lowercase non Latin 1 then |
| apply tr/[A-Z]/[a-z]/ before sorting. If the data are primarily UPPERCASE |
| and include Latin-1 characters then apply: |
| |
| tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/; |
| tr/[àáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõöøùúûüýþ]/[ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖØÙÚÛÜÝÞ]/; |
| s/ß/SS/g; |
| |
| then sort(). Do note however that such Latin-1 manipulation does not |
| address the E<yuml> C<y WITH DIAERESIS> character that will remain at |
| code point 255 on ASCII machines, but 223 on most EBCDIC machines |
| where it will sort to a place less than the EBCDIC numerals. With a |
| Unicode enabled Perl you might try: |
| |
| tr/^?/\x{178}/; |
| |
| The strategy of mono casing data before sorting does not preserve the case |
| of the data and may not be acceptable for that reason. |
| |
| =head2 Convert, sort data, then re convert. |
| |
| This is the most expensive proposition that does not employ a network |
| connection. |
| |
| =head2 Perform sorting on one type of machine only. |
| |
| This strategy can employ a network connection. As such |
| it would be computationally expensive. |
| |
| =head1 TRANSFORMATION FORMATS |
| |
| There are a variety of ways of transforming data with an intra character set |
| mapping that serve a variety of purposes. Sorting was discussed in the |
| previous section and a few of the other more popular mapping techniques are |
| discussed next. |
| |
| =head2 URL decoding and encoding |
| |
| Note that some URLs have hexadecimal ASCII code points in them in an |
| attempt to overcome character or protocol limitation issues. For example |
| the tilde character is not on every keyboard hence a URL of the form: |
| |
| http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/ |
| |
| may also be expressed as either of: |
| |
| http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/ |
| |
| http://www.pvhp.com/%7epvhp/ |
| |
| where 7E is the hexadecimal ASCII code point for '~'. Here is an example |
| of decoding such a URL under CCSID 1047: |
| |
| $url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/'; |
| # this array assumes code page 1047 |
| my @a2e_1047 = ( |
| 0, 1, 2, 3, 55, 45, 46, 47, 22, 5, 21, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, |
| 16, 17, 18, 19, 60, 61, 50, 38, 24, 25, 63, 39, 28, 29, 30, 31, |
| 64, 90,127,123, 91,108, 80,125, 77, 93, 92, 78,107, 96, 75, 97, |
| 240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,122, 94, 76,126,110,111, |
| 124,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,209,210,211,212,213,214, |
| 215,216,217,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,173,224,189, 95,109, |
| 121,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,145,146,147,148,149,150, |
| 151,152,153,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,192, 79,208,161, 7, |
| 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 6, 23, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 9, 10, 27, |
| 48, 49, 26, 51, 52, 53, 54, 8, 56, 57, 58, 59, 4, 20, 62,255, |
| 65,170, 74,177,159,178,106,181,187,180,154,138,176,202,175,188, |
| 144,143,234,250,190,160,182,179,157,218,155,139,183,184,185,171, |
| 100,101, 98,102, 99,103,158,104,116,113,114,115,120,117,118,119, |
| 172,105,237,238,235,239,236,191,128,253,254,251,252,186,174, 89, |
| 68, 69, 66, 70, 67, 71,156, 72, 84, 81, 82, 83, 88, 85, 86, 87, |
| 140, 73,205,206,203,207,204,225,112,221,222,219,220,141,142,223 |
| ); |
| $url =~ s/%([0-9a-fA-F]{2})/pack("c",$a2e_1047[hex($1)])/ge; |
| |
| Conversely, here is a partial solution for the task of encoding such |
| a URL under the 1047 code page: |
| |
| $url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/'; |
| # this array assumes code page 1047 |
| my @e2a_1047 = ( |
| 0, 1, 2, 3,156, 9,134,127,151,141,142, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, |
| 16, 17, 18, 19,157, 10, 8,135, 24, 25,146,143, 28, 29, 30, 31, |
| 128,129,130,131,132,133, 23, 27,136,137,138,139,140, 5, 6, 7, |
| 144,145, 22,147,148,149,150, 4,152,153,154,155, 20, 21,158, 26, |
| 32,160,226,228,224,225,227,229,231,241,162, 46, 60, 40, 43,124, |
| 38,233,234,235,232,237,238,239,236,223, 33, 36, 42, 41, 59, 94, |
| 45, 47,194,196,192,193,195,197,199,209,166, 44, 37, 95, 62, 63, |
| 248,201,202,203,200,205,206,207,204, 96, 58, 35, 64, 39, 61, 34, |
| 216, 97, 98, 99,100,101,102,103,104,105,171,187,240,253,254,177, |
| 176,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,170,186,230,184,198,164, |
| 181,126,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,161,191,208, 91,222,174, |
| 172,163,165,183,169,167,182,188,189,190,221,168,175, 93,180,215, |
| 123, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73,173,244,246,242,243,245, |
| 125, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82,185,251,252,249,250,255, |
| 92,247, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90,178,212,214,210,211,213, |
| 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,179,219,220,217,218,159 |
| ); |
| # The following regular expression does not address the |
| # mappings for: ('.' => '%2E', '/' => '%2F', ':' => '%3A') |
| $url =~ s/([\t "#%&\(\),;<=>\?\@\[\\\]^`{|}~])/sprintf("%%%02X",$e2a_1047[ord($1)])/ge; |
| |
| where a more complete solution would split the URL into components |
| and apply a full s/// substitution only to the appropriate parts. |
| |
| In the remaining examples a @e2a or @a2e array may be employed |
| but the assignment will not be shown explicitly. For code page 1047 |
| you could use the @a2e_1047 or @e2a_1047 arrays just shown. |
| |
| =head2 uu encoding and decoding |
| |
| The C<u> template to pack() or unpack() will render EBCDIC data in EBCDIC |
| characters equivalent to their ASCII counterparts. For example, the |
| following will print "Yes indeed\n" on either an ASCII or EBCDIC computer: |
| |
| $all_byte_chrs = ''; |
| for (0..255) { $all_byte_chrs .= chr($_); } |
| $uuencode_byte_chrs = pack('u', $all_byte_chrs); |
| ($uu = <<'ENDOFHEREDOC') =~ s/^\s*//gm; |
| M``$"`P0%!@<("0H+#`T.#Q`1$A,4%187&!D:&QP='A\@(2(C)"4F)R@I*BLL |
| M+2XO,#$R,S0U-C<X.3H[/#T^/T!!0D-$149'2$E*2TQ-3D]045)35%565UA9 |
| M6EM<75Y?8&%B8V1E9F=H:6IK;&UN;W!Q<G-T=79W>'EZ>WQ]?G^`@8*#A(6& |
| MAXB)BHN,C8Z/D)&2DY25EI>8F9J;G)V>GZ"AHJ.DI::GJ*FJJZRMKJ^PL;*S |
| MM+6VM[BYNKN\O;Z_P,'"P\3%QL?(R<K+S,W.S]#1TM/4U=;7V-G:V]S=WM_@ |
| ?X>+CY.7FY^CIZNOL[>[O\/'R\_3U]O?X^?K[_/W^_P`` |
| ENDOFHEREDOC |
| if ($uuencode_byte_chrs eq $uu) { |
| print "Yes "; |
| } |
| $uudecode_byte_chrs = unpack('u', $uuencode_byte_chrs); |
| if ($uudecode_byte_chrs eq $all_byte_chrs) { |
| print "indeed\n"; |
| } |
| |
| Here is a very spartan uudecoder that will work on EBCDIC provided |
| that the @e2a array is filled in appropriately: |
| |
| #!/usr/local/bin/perl |
| @e2a = ( # this must be filled in |
| ); |
| $_ = <> until ($mode,$file) = /^begin\s*(\d*)\s*(\S*)/; |
| open(OUT, "> $file") if $file ne ""; |
| while(<>) { |
| last if /^end/; |
| next if /[a-z]/; |
| next unless int(((($e2a[ord()] - 32 ) & 077) + 2) / 3) == |
| int(length() / 4); |
| print OUT unpack("u", $_); |
| } |
| close(OUT); |
| chmod oct($mode), $file; |
| |
| |
| =head2 Quoted-Printable encoding and decoding |
| |
| On ASCII encoded machines it is possible to strip characters outside of |
| the printable set using: |
| |
| # This QP encoder works on ASCII only |
| $qp_string =~ s/([=\x00-\x1F\x80-\xFF])/sprintf("=%02X",ord($1))/ge; |
| |
| Whereas a QP encoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC machines |
| would look somewhat like the following (where the EBCDIC branch @e2a |
| array is omitted for brevity): |
| |
| if (ord('A') == 65) { # ASCII |
| $delete = "\x7F"; # ASCII |
| @e2a = (0 .. 255) # ASCII to ASCII identity map |
| } |
| else { # EBCDIC |
| $delete = "\x07"; # EBCDIC |
| @e2a = # EBCDIC to ASCII map (as shown above) |
| } |
| $qp_string =~ |
| s/([^ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~$delete])/sprintf("=%02X",$e2a[ord($1)])/ge; |
| |
| (although in production code the substitutions might be done |
| in the EBCDIC branch with the @e2a array and separately in the |
| ASCII branch without the expense of the identity map). |
| |
| Such QP strings can be decoded with: |
| |
| # This QP decoder is limited to ASCII only |
| $string =~ s/=([0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f])/chr hex $1/ge; |
| $string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//; |
| |
| Whereas a QP decoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC machines |
| would look somewhat like the following (where the @a2e array is |
| omitted for brevity): |
| |
| $string =~ s/=([0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f])/chr $a2e[hex $1]/ge; |
| $string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//; |
| |
| =head2 Caesarian ciphers |
| |
| The practice of shifting an alphabet one or more characters for encipherment |
| dates back thousands of years and was explicitly detailed by Gaius Julius |
| Caesar in his B<Gallic Wars> text. A single alphabet shift is sometimes |
| referred to as a rotation and the shift amount is given as a number $n after |
| the string 'rot' or "rot$n". Rot0 and rot26 would designate identity maps |
| on the 26 letter English version of the Latin alphabet. Rot13 has the |
| interesting property that alternate subsequent invocations are identity maps |
| (thus rot13 is its own non-trivial inverse in the group of 26 alphabet |
| rotations). Hence the following is a rot13 encoder and decoder that will |
| work on ASCII and EBCDIC machines: |
| |
| #!/usr/local/bin/perl |
| |
| while(<>){ |
| tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/; |
| print; |
| } |
| |
| In one-liner form: |
| |
| perl -ne 'tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/;print' |
| |
| |
| =head1 Hashing order and checksums |
| |
| To the extent that it is possible to write code that depends on |
| hashing order there may be differences between hashes as stored |
| on an ASCII based machine and hashes stored on an EBCDIC based machine. |
| XXX |
| |
| =head1 I18N AND L10N |
| |
| Internationalization(I18N) and localization(L10N) are supported at least |
| in principle even on EBCDIC machines. The details are system dependent |
| and discussed under the L<perlebcdic/OS ISSUES> section below. |
| |
| =head1 MULTI OCTET CHARACTER SETS |
| |
| Perl may work with an internal UTF-EBCDIC encoding form for wide characters |
| on EBCDIC platforms in a manner analogous to the way that it works with |
| the UTF-8 internal encoding form on ASCII based platforms. |
| |
| Legacy multi byte EBCDIC code pages XXX. |
| |
| =head1 OS ISSUES |
| |
| There may be a few system dependent issues |
| of concern to EBCDIC Perl programmers. |
| |
| =head2 OS/400 |
| |
| =over 8 |
| |
| =item PASE |
| |
| The PASE environment is runtime environment for OS/400 that can run |
| executables built for PowerPC AIX in OS/400, see L<perlos400>. PASE |
| is ASCII-based, not EBCDIC-based as the ILE. |
| |
| =item IFS access |
| |
| XXX. |
| |
| =back |
| |
| =head2 OS/390, z/OS |
| |
| Perl runs under Unix Systems Services or USS. |
| |
| =over 8 |
| |
| =item chcp |
| |
| B<chcp> is supported as a shell utility for displaying and changing |
| one's code page. See also L<chcp>. |
| |
| =item dataset access |
| |
| For sequential data set access try: |
| |
| my @ds_records = `cat //DSNAME`; |
| |
| or: |
| |
| my @ds_records = `cat //'HLQ.DSNAME'`; |
| |
| See also the OS390::Stdio module on CPAN. |
| |
| =item OS/390, z/OS iconv |
| |
| B<iconv> is supported as both a shell utility and a C RTL routine. |
| See also the iconv(1) and iconv(3) manual pages. |
| |
| =item locales |
| |
| On OS/390 or z/OS see L<locale> for information on locales. The L10N files |
| are in F</usr/nls/locale>. $Config{d_setlocale} is 'define' on OS/390 |
| or z/OS. |
| |
| =back |
| |
| =head2 VM/ESA? |
| |
| XXX. |
| |
| =head2 POSIX-BC? |
| |
| XXX. |
| |
| =head1 BUGS |
| |
| This pod document contains literal Latin 1 characters and may encounter |
| translation difficulties. In particular one popular nroff implementation |
| was known to strip accented characters to their unaccented counterparts |
| while attempting to view this document through the B<pod2man> program |
| (for example, you may see a plain C<y> rather than one with a diaeresis |
| as in E<yuml>). Another nroff truncated the resultant manpage at |
| the first occurrence of 8 bit characters. |
| |
| Not all shells will allow multiple C<-e> string arguments to perl to |
| be concatenated together properly as recipes 0, 2, 4, 5, and 6 might |
| seem to imply. |
| |
| =head1 SEE ALSO |
| |
| L<perllocale>, L<perlfunc>, L<perlunicode>, L<utf8>. |
| |
| =head1 REFERENCES |
| |
| http://anubis.dkuug.dk/i18n/charmaps |
| |
| http://www.unicode.org/ |
| |
| http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr16/ |
| |
| http://www.wps.com/texts/codes/ |
| B<ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Infiltration> Tom Jennings, |
| September 1999. |
| |
| B<The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0> The Unicode Consortium, Lisa Moore ed., |
| ISBN 0-201-61633-5, Addison Wesley Developers Press, February 2000. |
| |
| B<CDRA: IBM - Character Data Representation Architecture - |
| Reference and Registry>, IBM SC09-2190-00, December 1996. |
| |
| "Demystifying Character Sets", Andrea Vine, Multilingual Computing |
| & Technology, B<#26 Vol. 10 Issue 4>, August/September 1999; |
| ISSN 1523-0309; Multilingual Computing Inc. Sandpoint ID, USA. |
| |
| B<Codes, Ciphers, and Other Cryptic and Clandestine Communication> |
| Fred B. Wrixon, ISBN 1-57912-040-7, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, |
| 1998. |
| |
| http://www.bobbemer.com/P-BIT.HTM |
| B<IBM - EBCDIC and the P-bit; The biggest Computer Goof Ever> Robert Bemer. |
| |
| =head1 HISTORY |
| |
| 15 April 2001: added UTF-8 and UTF-EBCDIC to main table, pvhp. |
| |
| =head1 AUTHOR |
| |
| Peter Prymmer pvhp@best.com wrote this in 1999 and 2000 |
| with CCSID 0819 and 0037 help from Chris Leach and |
| AndrE<eacute> Pirard A.Pirard@ulg.ac.be as well as POSIX-BC |
| help from Thomas Dorner Thomas.Dorner@start.de. |
| Thanks also to Vickie Cooper, Philip Newton, William Raffloer, and |
| Joe Smith. Trademarks, registered trademarks, service marks and |
| registered service marks used in this document are the property of |
| their respective owners. |
| |
| |
