Chromium Docs

Isolated Web Apps

Isolated Web Apps are a proposal for “a way of building applications using web standard technologies that will have useful security properties unavailable to normal web pages” (explainer).

Rather than being hosted on live web servers and fetched over HTTPS, these applications are packaged into Web Bundles, signed by their developer, and distributed to end-users through one or more distribution methods.

isolated-app: Scheme

Isolated Web Apps are served from an isolated-app: (webapps::kIsolatedAppScheme) scheme. This explainer provides more details. The scheme is registered in ChromeContentClient.

The hostname of a URL with the isolated-app: scheme must be a valid Web Bundle ID, which is also detailed in the explainer above.

Serving Content from Isolated Web Apps

This section provides a brief overview of the classes involved in serving content from an Isolated Web App:

  1. The IsolatedWebAppURLLoaderFactory retrieves a request with the isolated-app: scheme.
  2. It creates a new IsolatedWebAppURLLoader to handle the request.
  3. The IsolatedWebAppURLLoader passes the request on to the IsolatedWebAppReaderRegistry::ReadResponse method.
  4. The behavior of ReadResponse depends on whether an instance of IsolatedWebAppResponseReader for the given Signed Web Bundle has already been cached.
    • If a IsolatedWebAppResponseReader is cached, then that reader is used to read the response from the Signed Web Bundle and the response is sent back to the loader. This is very fast, since the reader has a map of URLs to offsets into the Signed Web Bundle.
    • If a IsolatedWebAppResponseReader is not cached, however, the process continues and a new reader is created.
  5. The Integrity Block is read from the Signed Web Bundle.
  6. The validity of the Integrity Block is verified by IsolatedWebAppValidator::ValidateIntegrityBlock. This includes a check on whether the browser trusts the public key(s) used to sign the Web Bundle. TODO(crbug.com/40239530): Not yet implemented.
  7. If the Integrity Block is valid, then:
    • On non-ChromeOS: The signatures contained in the Isolated Web App are verified using web_package::SignedWebBundleSignatureVerifier.
    • On ChromeOS: The signatures are only verified during installation, because the cryptohome is deemed secure enough to prevent tampering with an already installed Isolated Web App.
  8. If the signatures are valid, the metadata of the Signed Web Bundle is read and validated using IsolatedWebAppValidator::ValidateMetadata. This includes a check that validates that URLs contained in the Signed Web Bundle use the isolated-app: scheme, and more.
  9. If the metadata is also valid, then the IsolatedWebAppResponseReader is added to the cache and the response for the given request is read from it.

Isolated Web Apps vs. Signed Web Bundles

Isolated Web Apps use Signed Web Bundles as their container format. Currently, Isolated Web Apps are the only use case for Signed Web Bundles. In the future, other use cases inside Chrome may come up. In preparation for additional use cases outside of Isolated Web Apps, we strive to maintain a split between the generic code for Signed Web Bundles, and the code for Isolated Web Apps built on top of it:

  • Signed Web Bundles: Parsing and verification of Signed (and unsigned) Web Bundles is implemented in //components/web_package and //services/data_decoder.
  • Isolated Web Apps: Isolated Web Apps are implemented on top of Signed Web Bundles. Most code is located in //chrome/browser/web_applications/isolated_web_apps, but there are also other bits and pieces throughout //content.

web_app::SignedWebBundleReader

The web_package::WebBundleParser can not be directly used from the browser process in //chrome/browser/web_applications/isolated_web_apps due to the rule of 2 (it is implemented in an unsafe language, C++, and handles untrustworthy input). Therefore, the Isolated Web App code in //chrome/browser/web_applications/isolated_web_apps must use data_decoder::SafeWebBundleParser from //services/data_decoder to run the parser in a separate data decoder process.

web_app::SignedWebBundleReader wraps data_decoder::SafeWebBundleParser, and adds support for automatic reconnection in case it disconnects while parsing responses. The SafeWebBundleParser might disconnect, for example, if one of the other DataDecoders that run on the same utility process crashes, or when the utility process is terminated for other reasons, like Android's OOM killer.

The following graphic illustrates the relationship between the aforementioned classes: Diagram showing the relation between the classes mentioned in theprevious paragraph

The SignedWebBundleReader is supposed to be a generic reader for Signed Web Bundles, unrelated to Isolated Web Apps. As such, it does not know anything about Isolated Web Apps or the isolated-app: scheme. Usually, code dealing with Isolated Web Apps should use the IsolatedWebAppResponseReader(Factory) to read responses from the bundle. It checks the stricter requirements of Signed Web Bundles when used as Isolated Web Apps. For example, it checks that the URLs contained in the Signed Web Bundle do not have query parameters or fragments.