media/midi/midi_manager_win.cc

// Copyright 2013 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.

#include "media/midi/midi_manager_win.h"

#include <windows.h>
#include <ks.h>
#include <ksmedia.h>
#include <mmreg.h>
// Prevent unnecessary functions from being included from <mmsystem.h>
#define MMNODRV
#define MMNOSOUND
#define MMNOWAVE
#define MMNOAUX
#define MMNOMIXER
#define MMNOTIMER
#define MMNOJOY
#define MMNOMCI
#define MMNOMMIO
#include <mmsystem.h>
#include <stddef.h>

#include <algorithm>
#include <functional>
#include <queue>
#include <string>

#include "base/bind.h"
#include "base/containers/hash_tables.h"
#include "base/feature_list.h"
#include "base/macros.h"
#include "base/message_loop/message_loop.h"
#include "base/single_thread_task_runner.h"
#include "base/strings/string16.h"
#include "base/strings/string_number_conversions.h"
#include "base/strings/string_piece.h"
#include "base/strings/stringprintf.h"
#include "base/strings/utf_string_conversions.h"
#include "base/system_monitor/system_monitor.h"
#include "base/threading/thread_checker.h"
#include "base/timer/timer.h"
#include "base/win/message_window.h"
#include "base/win/windows_version.h"
#include "device/usb/usb_ids.h"
#include "media/midi/dynamically_initialized_midi_manager_win.h"
#include "media/midi/message_util.h"
#include "media/midi/midi_manager_winrt.h"
#include "media/midi/midi_message_queue.h"
#include "media/midi/midi_port_info.h"
#include "media/midi/midi_switches.h"

namespace midi {
namespace {

using mojom::PortState;
using mojom::Result;

static const size_t kBufferLength = 32 * 1024;

// We assume that nullpter represents an invalid MIDI handle.
const HMIDIIN kInvalidMidiInHandle = nullptr;
const HMIDIOUT kInvalidMidiOutHandle = nullptr;

std::string GetInErrorMessage(MMRESULT result) {
  wchar_t text[MAXERRORLENGTH];
  MMRESULT get_result = midiInGetErrorText(result, text, arraysize(text));
  if (get_result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
    DLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get error message."
                << " original error: " << result
                << " midiInGetErrorText error: " << get_result;
    return std::string();
  }
  return base::WideToUTF8(text);
}

std::string GetOutErrorMessage(MMRESULT result) {
  wchar_t text[MAXERRORLENGTH];
  MMRESULT get_result = midiOutGetErrorText(result, text, arraysize(text));
  if (get_result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
    DLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get error message."
                << " original error: " << result
                << " midiOutGetErrorText error: " << get_result;
    return std::string();
  }
  return base::WideToUTF8(text);
}

std::string MmversionToString(MMVERSION version) {
  return base::StringPrintf("%d.%d", HIBYTE(version), LOBYTE(version));
}

void CloseOutputPortOnTaskThread(HMIDIOUT midi_out_handle) {
  midiOutClose(midi_out_handle);
}

class MIDIHDRDeleter {
 public:
  void operator()(MIDIHDR* header) {
    if (!header)
      return;
    delete[] static_cast<char*>(header->lpData);
    header->lpData = NULL;
    header->dwBufferLength = 0;
    delete header;
  }
};

using ScopedMIDIHDR = std::unique_ptr<MIDIHDR, MIDIHDRDeleter>;

ScopedMIDIHDR CreateMIDIHDR(size_t size) {
  ScopedMIDIHDR header(new MIDIHDR);
  ZeroMemory(header.get(), sizeof(*header));
  header->lpData = new char[size];
  header->dwBufferLength = static_cast<DWORD>(size);
  return header;
}

void SendShortMidiMessageInternal(HMIDIOUT midi_out_handle,
                                  const std::vector<uint8_t>& message) {
  DCHECK_LE(message.size(), static_cast<size_t>(3))
      << "A short MIDI message should be up to 3 bytes.";

  DWORD packed_message = 0;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < message.size(); ++i)
    packed_message |= (static_cast<uint32_t>(message[i]) << (i * 8));
  MMRESULT result = midiOutShortMsg(midi_out_handle, packed_message);
  DLOG_IF(ERROR, result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR)
      << "Failed to output short message: " << GetOutErrorMessage(result);
}

void SendLongMidiMessageInternal(HMIDIOUT midi_out_handle,
                                 const std::vector<uint8_t>& message) {
  // Implementation note:
  // Sending a long MIDI message can be performed synchronously or
  // asynchronously depending on the driver. There are 2 options to support both
  // cases:
  // 1) Call midiOutLongMsg() API and wait for its completion within this
  //   function. In this approach, we can avoid memory copy by directly pointing
  //   |message| as the data buffer to be sent.
  // 2) Allocate a buffer and copy |message| to it, then call midiOutLongMsg()
  //   API. The buffer will be freed in the MOM_DONE event hander, which tells
  //   us that the task of midiOutLongMsg() API is completed.
  // Here we choose option 2) in favor of asynchronous design.

  // Note for built-in USB-MIDI driver:
  // From an observation on Windows 7/8.1 with a USB-MIDI keyboard,
  // midiOutLongMsg() will be always blocked. Sending 64 bytes or less data
  // takes roughly 300 usecs. Sending 2048 bytes or more data takes roughly
  // |message.size() / (75 * 1024)| secs in practice. Here we put 256 KB size
  // limit on SysEx message, with hoping that midiOutLongMsg will be blocked at
  // most 4 sec or so with a typical USB-MIDI device.
  // TODO(crbug.com/383578): This restriction should be removed once Web MIDI
  // defines a standardized way to handle large sysex messages.
  const size_t kSysExSizeLimit = 256 * 1024;
  if (message.size() >= kSysExSizeLimit) {
    DVLOG(1) << "Ingnoreing SysEx message due to the size limit"
             << ", size = " << message.size();
    return;
  }

  ScopedMIDIHDR midi_header(CreateMIDIHDR(message.size()));
  std::copy(message.begin(), message.end(), midi_header->lpData);

  MMRESULT result = midiOutPrepareHeader(midi_out_handle, midi_header.get(),
                                         sizeof(*midi_header));
  if (result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
    DLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to prepare output buffer: "
                << GetOutErrorMessage(result);
    return;
  }

  result =
      midiOutLongMsg(midi_out_handle, midi_header.get(), sizeof(*midi_header));
  if (result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
    DLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to output long message: "
                << GetOutErrorMessage(result);
    result = midiOutUnprepareHeader(midi_out_handle, midi_header.get(),
                                    sizeof(*midi_header));
    DLOG_IF(ERROR, result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR)
        << "Failed to uninitialize output buffer: "
        << GetOutErrorMessage(result);
    return;
  }

  // The ownership of |midi_header| is moved to MOM_DONE event handler.
  ignore_result(midi_header.release());
}

template <size_t array_size>
base::string16 AsString16(const wchar_t(&buffer)[array_size]) {
  size_t len = 0;
  for (len = 0; len < array_size; ++len) {
    if (buffer[len] == L'\0')
      break;
  }
  return base::string16(buffer, len);
}

struct MidiDeviceInfo final {
  explicit MidiDeviceInfo(const MIDIINCAPS2W& caps)
      : manufacturer_id(caps.wMid),
        product_id(caps.wPid),
        driver_version(caps.vDriverVersion),
        product_name(AsString16(caps.szPname)),
        usb_vendor_id(ExtractUsbVendorIdIfExists(caps)),
        usb_product_id(ExtractUsbProductIdIfExists(caps)),
        is_usb_device(IsUsbDevice(caps)),
        is_software_synth(false) {}
  explicit MidiDeviceInfo(const MIDIOUTCAPS2W& caps)
      : manufacturer_id(caps.wMid),
        product_id(caps.wPid),
        driver_version(caps.vDriverVersion),
        product_name(AsString16(caps.szPname)),
        usb_vendor_id(ExtractUsbVendorIdIfExists(caps)),
        usb_product_id(ExtractUsbProductIdIfExists(caps)),
        is_usb_device(IsUsbDevice(caps)),
        is_software_synth(IsSoftwareSynth(caps)) {}
  explicit MidiDeviceInfo(const MidiDeviceInfo& info)
      : manufacturer_id(info.manufacturer_id),
        product_id(info.product_id),
        driver_version(info.driver_version),
        product_name(info.product_name),
        usb_vendor_id(info.usb_vendor_id),
        usb_product_id(info.usb_product_id),
        is_usb_device(info.is_usb_device),
        is_software_synth(info.is_software_synth) {}
  // Currently only following entities are considered when testing the equality
  // of two MIDI devices.
  // TODO(toyoshim): Consider to calculate MIDIPort.id here and use it as the
  // key. See crbug.com/467448.  Then optimize the data for |MidiPortInfo|.
  const uint16_t manufacturer_id;
  const uint16_t product_id;
  const uint32_t driver_version;
  const base::string16 product_name;
  const uint16_t usb_vendor_id;
  const uint16_t usb_product_id;
  const bool is_usb_device;
  const bool is_software_synth;

  // Required to be used as the key of base::hash_map.
  bool operator==(const MidiDeviceInfo& that) const {
    return manufacturer_id == that.manufacturer_id &&
           product_id == that.product_id &&
           driver_version == that.driver_version &&
           product_name == that.product_name &&
           is_usb_device == that.is_usb_device &&
           (is_usb_device && usb_vendor_id == that.usb_vendor_id &&
            usb_product_id == that.usb_product_id);
  }

  // Hash function to be used in base::hash_map.
  struct Hasher {
    size_t operator()(const MidiDeviceInfo& info) const {
      size_t hash = info.manufacturer_id;
      hash *= 131;
      hash += info.product_id;
      hash *= 131;
      hash += info.driver_version;
      hash *= 131;
      hash += info.product_name.size();
      hash *= 131;
      if (!info.product_name.empty()) {
        hash += info.product_name[0];
      }
      hash *= 131;
      hash += info.usb_vendor_id;
      hash *= 131;
      hash += info.usb_product_id;
      return hash;
    }
  };

 private:
  static bool IsUsbDevice(const MIDIINCAPS2W& caps) {
    return IS_COMPATIBLE_USBAUDIO_MID(&caps.ManufacturerGuid) &&
           IS_COMPATIBLE_USBAUDIO_PID(&caps.ProductGuid);
  }
  static bool IsUsbDevice(const MIDIOUTCAPS2W& caps) {
    return IS_COMPATIBLE_USBAUDIO_MID(&caps.ManufacturerGuid) &&
           IS_COMPATIBLE_USBAUDIO_PID(&caps.ProductGuid);
  }
  static bool IsSoftwareSynth(const MIDIOUTCAPS2W& caps) {
    return caps.wTechnology == MOD_SWSYNTH;
  }
  static uint16_t ExtractUsbVendorIdIfExists(const MIDIINCAPS2W& caps) {
    if (!IS_COMPATIBLE_USBAUDIO_MID(&caps.ManufacturerGuid))
      return 0;
    return EXTRACT_USBAUDIO_MID(&caps.ManufacturerGuid);
  }
  static uint16_t ExtractUsbVendorIdIfExists(const MIDIOUTCAPS2W& caps) {
    if (!IS_COMPATIBLE_USBAUDIO_MID(&caps.ManufacturerGuid))
      return 0;
    return EXTRACT_USBAUDIO_MID(&caps.ManufacturerGuid);
  }
  static uint16_t ExtractUsbProductIdIfExists(const MIDIINCAPS2W& caps) {
    if (!IS_COMPATIBLE_USBAUDIO_PID(&caps.ProductGuid))
      return 0;
    return EXTRACT_USBAUDIO_PID(&caps.ProductGuid);
  }
  static uint16_t ExtractUsbProductIdIfExists(const MIDIOUTCAPS2W& caps) {
    if (!IS_COMPATIBLE_USBAUDIO_PID(&caps.ProductGuid))
      return 0;
    return EXTRACT_USBAUDIO_PID(&caps.ProductGuid);
  }
};

std::string GetManufacturerName(const MidiDeviceInfo& info) {
  if (info.is_usb_device) {
    const char* name = device::UsbIds::GetVendorName(info.usb_vendor_id);
    return std::string(name ? name : "");
  }

  switch (info.manufacturer_id) {
    case MM_MICROSOFT:
      return "Microsoft Corporation";
    default:
      // TODO(toyoshim): Support other manufacture IDs.  crbug.com/472341.
      return "";
  }
}

bool IsUnsupportedDevice(const MidiDeviceInfo& info) {
  return info.is_software_synth && info.manufacturer_id == MM_MICROSOFT &&
         (info.product_id == MM_MSFT_WDMAUDIO_MIDIOUT ||
          info.product_id == MM_MSFT_GENERIC_MIDISYNTH);
}

using PortNumberCache =
    base::hash_map<MidiDeviceInfo,
                   std::priority_queue<uint32_t,
                                       std::vector<uint32_t>,
                                       std::greater<uint32_t>>,
                   MidiDeviceInfo::Hasher>;

struct MidiInputDeviceState final
    : base::RefCountedThreadSafe<MidiInputDeviceState> {
  explicit MidiInputDeviceState(const MidiDeviceInfo& device_info)
      : device_info(device_info),
        midi_handle(kInvalidMidiInHandle),
        port_index(0),
        port_age(0),
        start_time_initialized(false) {}

  const MidiDeviceInfo device_info;
  HMIDIIN midi_handle;
  ScopedMIDIHDR midi_header;
  // Since Win32 multimedia system uses a relative time offset from when
  // |midiInStart| API is called, we need to record when it is called.
  base::TimeTicks start_time;
  // 0-based port index.  We will try to reuse the previous port index when the
  // MIDI device is closed then reopened.
  uint32_t port_index;
  // A sequence number which represents how many times |port_index| is reused.
  // We can remove this field if we decide not to clear unsent events
  // when the device is disconnected.
  // See https://github.com/WebAudio/web-midi-api/issues/133
  uint64_t port_age;
  // True if |start_time| is initialized. This field is not used so far, but
  // kept for the debugging purpose.
  bool start_time_initialized;

 private:
  friend class base::RefCountedThreadSafe<MidiInputDeviceState>;
  ~MidiInputDeviceState() {}
};

struct MidiOutputDeviceState final
    : base::RefCountedThreadSafe<MidiOutputDeviceState> {
  explicit MidiOutputDeviceState(const MidiDeviceInfo& device_info)
      : device_info(device_info),
        midi_handle(kInvalidMidiOutHandle),
        port_index(0),
        port_age(0),
        closed(false) {}

  const MidiDeviceInfo device_info;
  HMIDIOUT midi_handle;
  // 0-based port index.  We will try to reuse the previous port index when the
  // MIDI device is closed then reopened.
  uint32_t port_index;
  // A sequence number which represents how many times |port_index| is reused.
  // We can remove this field if we decide not to clear unsent events
  // when the device is disconnected.
  // See https://github.com/WebAudio/web-midi-api/issues/133
  uint64_t port_age;
  // True if the device is already closed and |midi_handle| is considered to be
  // invalid.
  // TODO(toyoshim): Use std::atomic<bool> when it is allowed in Chromium
  // project.
  volatile bool closed;

 private:
  friend class base::RefCountedThreadSafe<MidiOutputDeviceState>;
  ~MidiOutputDeviceState() {}
};

// The core logic of MIDI device handling for Windows. Basically this class is
// shared among following 4 threads:
//  1. Chrome IO Thread
//  2. OS Multimedia Thread
//  3. Task Thread
//  4. Sender Thread
//
// Chrome IO Thread:
//  MidiManager runs on Chrome IO thread. Device change notification is
//  delivered to the thread through the SystemMonitor service.
//  OnDevicesChanged() callback is invoked to update the MIDI device list.
//  Note that in the current implementation we will try to open all the
//  existing devices in practice. This is OK because trying to reopen a MIDI
//  device that is already opened would simply fail, and there is no unwilling
//  side effect.
//
// OS Multimedia Thread:
//  This thread is maintained by the OS as a part of MIDI runtime, and
//  responsible for receiving all the system initiated events such as device
//  close, and receiving data. For performance reasons, most of potentially
//  blocking operations will be dispatched into Task Thread.
//
// Task Thread:
//  This thread will be used to call back following methods of MidiManager.
//  - MidiManager::CompleteInitialization
//  - MidiManager::AddInputPort
//  - MidiManager::AddOutputPort
//  - MidiManager::SetInputPortState
//  - MidiManager::SetOutputPortState
//  - MidiManager::ReceiveMidiData
//
// Sender Thread:
//  This thread will be used to call Win32 APIs to send MIDI message at the
//  specified time. We don't want to call MIDI send APIs on Task Thread
//  because those APIs could be performed synchronously, hence they could block
//  the caller thread for a while. See the comment in
//  SendLongMidiMessageInternal for details. Currently we expect that the
//  blocking time would be less than 1 second.
class MidiServiceWinImpl : public MidiServiceWin,
                           public base::SystemMonitor::DevicesChangedObserver {
 public:
  MidiServiceWinImpl()
      : delegate_(nullptr),
        sender_thread_("Windows MIDI sender thread"),
        task_thread_("Windows MIDI task thread"),
        destructor_started(false) {}

  ~MidiServiceWinImpl() final {
    // Start() and Stop() of the threads, and AddDevicesChangeObserver() and
    // RemoveDevicesChangeObserver() should be called on the same thread.
    DCHECK(thread_checker_.CalledOnValidThread());

    destructor_started = true;
    base::SystemMonitor::Get()->RemoveDevicesChangedObserver(this);
    {
      std::vector<HMIDIIN> input_devices;
      {
        base::AutoLock auto_lock(input_ports_lock_);
        for (auto it : input_device_map_)
          input_devices.push_back(it.first);
      }
      {
        for (auto* handle : input_devices) {
          MMRESULT result = midiInClose(handle);
          if (result == MIDIERR_STILLPLAYING) {
            result = midiInReset(handle);
            DLOG_IF(ERROR, result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR)
                << "midiInReset failed: " << GetInErrorMessage(result);
            result = midiInClose(handle);
          }
          DLOG_IF(ERROR, result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR)
              << "midiInClose failed: " << GetInErrorMessage(result);
        }
      }
    }
    {
      std::vector<HMIDIOUT> output_devices;
      {
        base::AutoLock auto_lock(output_ports_lock_);
        for (auto it : output_device_map_)
          output_devices.push_back(it.first);
      }
      {
        for (auto* handle : output_devices) {
          MMRESULT result = midiOutClose(handle);
          if (result == MIDIERR_STILLPLAYING) {
            result = midiOutReset(handle);
            DLOG_IF(ERROR, result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR)
                << "midiOutReset failed: " << GetOutErrorMessage(result);
            result = midiOutClose(handle);
          }
          DLOG_IF(ERROR, result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR)
              << "midiOutClose failed: " << GetOutErrorMessage(result);
        }
      }
    }
    sender_thread_.Stop();
    task_thread_.Stop();
  }

  // MidiServiceWin overrides:
  void InitializeAsync(MidiServiceWinDelegate* delegate) final {
    // Start() and Stop() of the threads, and AddDevicesChangeObserver() and
    // RemoveDevicesChangeObserver() should be called on the same thread.
    DCHECK(thread_checker_.CalledOnValidThread());

    delegate_ = delegate;

    sender_thread_.Start();
    task_thread_.Start();

    // Start monitoring device changes. This should start before the
    // following UpdateDeviceList() call not to miss the event happening
    // between the call and the observer registration.
    base::SystemMonitor::Get()->AddDevicesChangedObserver(this);

    UpdateDeviceList();

    task_thread_.task_runner()->PostTask(
        FROM_HERE,
        base::Bind(&MidiServiceWinImpl::CompleteInitializationOnTaskThread,
                   base::Unretained(this), Result::OK));
  }

  void SendMidiDataAsync(uint32_t port_number,
                         const std::vector<uint8_t>& data,
                         base::TimeTicks time) final {
    if (destructor_started) {
      LOG(ERROR) << "ThreadSafeSendData failed because MidiServiceWinImpl is "
                    "being destructed.  port: " << port_number;
      return;
    }
    auto state = GetOutputDeviceFromPort(port_number);
    if (!state) {
      LOG(ERROR) << "ThreadSafeSendData failed due to an invalid port number. "
                 << "port: " << port_number;
      return;
    }
    if (state->closed) {
      LOG(ERROR)
          << "ThreadSafeSendData failed because target port is already closed."
          << "port: " << port_number;
      return;
    }
    const auto now = base::TimeTicks::Now();
    if (now < time) {
      sender_thread_.task_runner()->PostDelayedTask(
          FROM_HERE, base::Bind(&MidiServiceWinImpl::SendOnSenderThread,
                                base::Unretained(this), port_number,
                                state->port_age, data, time),
          time - now);
    } else {
      sender_thread_.task_runner()->PostTask(
          FROM_HERE, base::Bind(&MidiServiceWinImpl::SendOnSenderThread,
                                base::Unretained(this), port_number,
                                state->port_age, data, time));
    }
  }

  // base::SystemMonitor::DevicesChangedObserver overrides:
  void OnDevicesChanged(base::SystemMonitor::DeviceType device_type) final {
    DCHECK(thread_checker_.CalledOnValidThread());
    if (destructor_started)
      return;

    switch (device_type) {
      case base::SystemMonitor::DEVTYPE_AUDIO:
      case base::SystemMonitor::DEVTYPE_VIDEO_CAPTURE:
        // Add case of other unrelated device types here.
        return;
      case base::SystemMonitor::DEVTYPE_UNKNOWN:
        // Interested in MIDI devices. Try updating the device list.
        UpdateDeviceList();
        break;
        // No default here to capture new DeviceType by compile time.
    }
  }

 private:
  scoped_refptr<MidiInputDeviceState> GetInputDeviceFromHandle(
      HMIDIIN midi_handle) {
    base::AutoLock auto_lock(input_ports_lock_);
    const auto it = input_device_map_.find(midi_handle);
    return (it != input_device_map_.end() ? it->second : nullptr);
  }

  scoped_refptr<MidiOutputDeviceState> GetOutputDeviceFromHandle(
      HMIDIOUT midi_handle) {
    base::AutoLock auto_lock(output_ports_lock_);
    const auto it = output_device_map_.find(midi_handle);
    return (it != output_device_map_.end() ? it->second : nullptr);
  }

  scoped_refptr<MidiOutputDeviceState> GetOutputDeviceFromPort(
      uint32_t port_number) {
    base::AutoLock auto_lock(output_ports_lock_);
    if (output_ports_.size() <= port_number)
      return nullptr;
    return output_ports_[port_number];
  }

  void UpdateDeviceList() {
    task_thread_.task_runner()->PostTask(
        FROM_HERE, base::Bind(&MidiServiceWinImpl::UpdateDeviceListOnTaskThread,
                              base::Unretained(this)));
  }

  /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // Callbacks on the OS multimedia thread.
  /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  static void CALLBACK
  OnMidiInEventOnMainlyMultimediaThread(HMIDIIN midi_in_handle,
                                        UINT message,
                                        DWORD_PTR instance,
                                        DWORD_PTR param1,
                                        DWORD_PTR param2) {
    MidiServiceWinImpl* self = reinterpret_cast<MidiServiceWinImpl*>(instance);
    if (!self)
      return;
    switch (message) {
      case MIM_OPEN:
        self->OnMidiInOpen(midi_in_handle);
        break;
      case MIM_DATA:
        self->OnMidiInDataOnMultimediaThread(midi_in_handle, param1, param2);
        break;
      case MIM_LONGDATA:
        self->OnMidiInLongDataOnMultimediaThread(midi_in_handle, param1,
                                                 param2);
        break;
      case MIM_CLOSE:
        self->OnMidiInCloseOnMultimediaThread(midi_in_handle);
        break;
    }
  }

  void OnMidiInOpen(HMIDIIN midi_in_handle) {
    UINT device_id = 0;
    MMRESULT result = midiInGetID(midi_in_handle, &device_id);
    if (result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
      DLOG(ERROR) << "midiInGetID failed: " << GetInErrorMessage(result);
      return;
    }
    MIDIINCAPS2W caps = {};
    result = midiInGetDevCaps(device_id, reinterpret_cast<LPMIDIINCAPSW>(&caps),
                              sizeof(caps));
    if (result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
      DLOG(ERROR) << "midiInGetDevCaps failed: " << GetInErrorMessage(result);
      return;
    }
    auto state =
        make_scoped_refptr(new MidiInputDeviceState(MidiDeviceInfo(caps)));
    state->midi_handle = midi_in_handle;
    state->midi_header = CreateMIDIHDR(kBufferLength);
    const auto& state_device_info = state->device_info;
    bool add_new_port = false;
    uint32_t port_number = 0;
    {
      base::AutoLock auto_lock(input_ports_lock_);
      const auto it = unused_input_ports_.find(state_device_info);
      if (it == unused_input_ports_.end()) {
        port_number = static_cast<uint32_t>(input_ports_.size());
        add_new_port = true;
        input_ports_.push_back(nullptr);
        input_ports_ages_.push_back(0);
      } else {
        port_number = it->second.top();
        it->second.pop();
        if (it->second.empty()) {
          unused_input_ports_.erase(it);
        }
      }
      input_ports_[port_number] = state;

      input_ports_ages_[port_number] += 1;
      input_device_map_[input_ports_[port_number]->midi_handle] =
          input_ports_[port_number];
      input_ports_[port_number]->port_index = port_number;
      input_ports_[port_number]->port_age = input_ports_ages_[port_number];
    }
    // Several initial startup tasks cannot be done in MIM_OPEN handler.
    task_thread_.task_runner()->PostTask(
        FROM_HERE, base::Bind(&MidiServiceWinImpl::StartInputDeviceOnTaskThread,
                              base::Unretained(this), midi_in_handle));
    if (add_new_port) {
      const MidiPortInfo port_info(
          // TODO(toyoshim): Use a hash ID insted crbug.com/467448
          base::IntToString(static_cast<int>(port_number)),
          GetManufacturerName(state_device_info),
          base::WideToUTF8(state_device_info.product_name),
          MmversionToString(state_device_info.driver_version),
          PortState::OPENED);
      task_thread_.task_runner()->PostTask(
          FROM_HERE, base::Bind(&MidiServiceWinImpl::AddInputPortOnTaskThread,
                                base::Unretained(this), port_info));
    } else {
      task_thread_.task_runner()->PostTask(
          FROM_HERE,
          base::Bind(&MidiServiceWinImpl::SetInputPortStateOnTaskThread,
                     base::Unretained(this), port_number,
                     PortState::CONNECTED));
    }
  }

  void OnMidiInDataOnMultimediaThread(HMIDIIN midi_in_handle,
                                      DWORD_PTR param1,
                                      DWORD_PTR param2) {
    auto state = GetInputDeviceFromHandle(midi_in_handle);
    if (!state)
      return;
    const uint8_t status_byte = static_cast<uint8_t>(param1 & 0xff);
    const uint8_t first_data_byte = static_cast<uint8_t>((param1 >> 8) & 0xff);
    const uint8_t second_data_byte =
        static_cast<uint8_t>((param1 >> 16) & 0xff);
    const DWORD elapsed_ms = param2;
    const size_t len = GetMessageLength(status_byte);
    const uint8_t kData[] = {status_byte, first_data_byte, second_data_byte};
    std::vector<uint8_t> data;
    data.assign(kData, kData + len);
    DCHECK_LE(len, arraysize(kData));
    // MIM_DATA/MIM_LONGDATA message treats the time when midiInStart() is
    // called as the origin of |elapsed_ms|.
    // http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/dd757284.aspx
    // http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/dd757286.aspx
    const base::TimeTicks event_time =
        state->start_time + base::TimeDelta::FromMilliseconds(elapsed_ms);
    task_thread_.task_runner()->PostTask(
        FROM_HERE, base::Bind(&MidiServiceWinImpl::ReceiveMidiDataOnTaskThread,
                              base::Unretained(this), state->port_index, data,
                              event_time));
  }

  void OnMidiInLongDataOnMultimediaThread(HMIDIIN midi_in_handle,
                                          DWORD_PTR param1,
                                          DWORD_PTR param2) {
    auto state = GetInputDeviceFromHandle(midi_in_handle);
    if (!state)
      return;
    MIDIHDR* header = reinterpret_cast<MIDIHDR*>(param1);
    const DWORD elapsed_ms = param2;
    MMRESULT result = MMSYSERR_NOERROR;
    if (destructor_started) {
      if (state->midi_header &&
          (state->midi_header->dwFlags & MHDR_PREPARED) == MHDR_PREPARED) {
        result =
            midiInUnprepareHeader(state->midi_handle, state->midi_header.get(),
                                  sizeof(*state->midi_header));
        DLOG_IF(ERROR, result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR)
            << "Failed to uninitialize input buffer: "
            << GetInErrorMessage(result);
      }
      return;
    }
    if (header->dwBytesRecorded > 0) {
      const uint8_t* src = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(header->lpData);
      std::vector<uint8_t> data;
      data.assign(src, src + header->dwBytesRecorded);
      // MIM_DATA/MIM_LONGDATA message treats the time when midiInStart() is
      // called as the origin of |elapsed_ms|.
      // http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/dd757284.aspx
      // http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/dd757286.aspx
      const base::TimeTicks event_time =
          state->start_time + base::TimeDelta::FromMilliseconds(elapsed_ms);
      task_thread_.task_runner()->PostTask(
          FROM_HERE,
          base::Bind(&MidiServiceWinImpl::ReceiveMidiDataOnTaskThread,
                     base::Unretained(this), state->port_index, data,
                     event_time));
    }
    result = midiInAddBuffer(state->midi_handle, header, sizeof(*header));
    DLOG_IF(ERROR, result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR)
        << "Failed to attach input buffer: " << GetInErrorMessage(result)
        << "port number:" << state->port_index;
  }

  void OnMidiInCloseOnMultimediaThread(HMIDIIN midi_in_handle) {
    auto state = GetInputDeviceFromHandle(midi_in_handle);
    if (!state)
      return;
    const uint32_t port_number = state->port_index;
    const auto device_info(state->device_info);
    {
      base::AutoLock auto_lock(input_ports_lock_);
      input_device_map_.erase(state->midi_handle);
      input_ports_[port_number] = nullptr;
      input_ports_ages_[port_number] += 1;
      unused_input_ports_[device_info].push(port_number);
    }
    task_thread_.task_runner()->PostTask(
        FROM_HERE,
        base::Bind(&MidiServiceWinImpl::SetInputPortStateOnTaskThread,
                   base::Unretained(this), port_number,
                   PortState::DISCONNECTED));
  }

  static void CALLBACK
  OnMidiOutEventOnMainlyMultimediaThread(HMIDIOUT midi_out_handle,
                                         UINT message,
                                         DWORD_PTR instance,
                                         DWORD_PTR param1,
                                         DWORD_PTR param2) {
    MidiServiceWinImpl* self = reinterpret_cast<MidiServiceWinImpl*>(instance);
    if (!self)
      return;
    switch (message) {
      case MOM_OPEN:
        self->OnMidiOutOpen(midi_out_handle, param1, param2);
        break;
      case MOM_DONE:
        self->OnMidiOutDoneOnMultimediaThread(midi_out_handle, param1);
        break;
      case MOM_CLOSE:
        self->OnMidiOutCloseOnMultimediaThread(midi_out_handle);
        break;
    }
  }

  void OnMidiOutOpen(HMIDIOUT midi_out_handle,
                     DWORD_PTR param1,
                     DWORD_PTR param2) {
    UINT device_id = 0;
    MMRESULT result = midiOutGetID(midi_out_handle, &device_id);
    if (result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
      DLOG(ERROR) << "midiOutGetID failed: " << GetOutErrorMessage(result);
      return;
    }
    MIDIOUTCAPS2W caps = {};
    result = midiOutGetDevCaps(
        device_id, reinterpret_cast<LPMIDIOUTCAPSW>(&caps), sizeof(caps));
    if (result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
      DLOG(ERROR) << "midiInGetDevCaps failed: " << GetOutErrorMessage(result);
      return;
    }
    auto state =
        make_scoped_refptr(new MidiOutputDeviceState(MidiDeviceInfo(caps)));
    state->midi_handle = midi_out_handle;
    const auto& state_device_info = state->device_info;
    if (IsUnsupportedDevice(state_device_info)) {
      task_thread_.task_runner()->PostTask(
          FROM_HERE, base::Bind(&CloseOutputPortOnTaskThread, midi_out_handle));
      return;
    }
    bool add_new_port = false;
    uint32_t port_number = 0;
    {
      base::AutoLock auto_lock(output_ports_lock_);
      const auto it = unused_output_ports_.find(state_device_info);
      if (it == unused_output_ports_.end()) {
        port_number = static_cast<uint32_t>(output_ports_.size());
        add_new_port = true;
        output_ports_.push_back(nullptr);
        output_ports_ages_.push_back(0);
      } else {
        port_number = it->second.top();
        it->second.pop();
        if (it->second.empty())
          unused_output_ports_.erase(it);
      }
      output_ports_[port_number] = state;
      output_ports_ages_[port_number] += 1;
      output_device_map_[output_ports_[port_number]->midi_handle] =
          output_ports_[port_number];
      output_ports_[port_number]->port_index = port_number;
      output_ports_[port_number]->port_age = output_ports_ages_[port_number];
    }
    if (add_new_port) {
      const MidiPortInfo port_info(
          // TODO(toyoshim): Use a hash ID insted. crbug.com/467448
          base::IntToString(static_cast<int>(port_number)),
          GetManufacturerName(state_device_info),
          base::WideToUTF8(state_device_info.product_name),
          MmversionToString(state_device_info.driver_version),
          PortState::OPENED);
      task_thread_.task_runner()->PostTask(
          FROM_HERE, base::Bind(&MidiServiceWinImpl::AddOutputPortOnTaskThread,
                                base::Unretained(this), port_info));
    } else {
      task_thread_.task_runner()->PostTask(
          FROM_HERE,
          base::Bind(&MidiServiceWinImpl::SetOutputPortStateOnTaskThread,
                     base::Unretained(this), port_number,
                     PortState::CONNECTED));
    }
  }

  void OnMidiOutDoneOnMultimediaThread(HMIDIOUT midi_out_handle,
                                       DWORD_PTR param1) {
    auto state = GetOutputDeviceFromHandle(midi_out_handle);
    if (!state)
      return;
    // Take ownership of the MIDIHDR object.
    ScopedMIDIHDR header(reinterpret_cast<MIDIHDR*>(param1));
    if (!header)
      return;
    MMRESULT result = midiOutUnprepareHeader(state->midi_handle, header.get(),
                                             sizeof(*header));
    DLOG_IF(ERROR, result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR)
        << "Failed to uninitialize output buffer: "
        << GetOutErrorMessage(result);
  }

  void OnMidiOutCloseOnMultimediaThread(HMIDIOUT midi_out_handle) {
    auto state = GetOutputDeviceFromHandle(midi_out_handle);
    if (!state)
      return;
    const uint32_t port_number = state->port_index;
    const auto device_info(state->device_info);
    {
      base::AutoLock auto_lock(output_ports_lock_);
      output_device_map_.erase(state->midi_handle);
      output_ports_[port_number] = nullptr;
      output_ports_ages_[port_number] += 1;
      unused_output_ports_[device_info].push(port_number);
      state->closed = true;
    }
    task_thread_.task_runner()->PostTask(
        FROM_HERE,
        base::Bind(&MidiServiceWinImpl::SetOutputPortStateOnTaskThread,
                   base::Unretained(this), port_number,
                   PortState::DISCONNECTED));
  }

  /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // Callbacks on the sender thread.
  /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  void AssertOnSenderThread() {
    DCHECK_EQ(sender_thread_.GetThreadId(), base::PlatformThread::CurrentId());
  }

  void SendOnSenderThread(uint32_t port_number,
                          uint64_t port_age,
                          const std::vector<uint8_t>& data,
                          base::TimeTicks time) {
    AssertOnSenderThread();
    if (destructor_started) {
      LOG(ERROR) << "ThreadSafeSendData failed because MidiServiceWinImpl is "
                    "being destructed. port: " << port_number;
    }
    auto state = GetOutputDeviceFromPort(port_number);
    if (!state) {
      LOG(ERROR) << "ThreadSafeSendData failed due to an invalid port number. "
                 << "port: " << port_number;
      return;
    }
    if (state->closed) {
      LOG(ERROR)
          << "ThreadSafeSendData failed because target port is already closed."
          << "port: " << port_number;
      return;
    }
    if (state->port_age != port_age) {
      LOG(ERROR)
          << "ThreadSafeSendData failed because target port is being closed."
          << "port: " << port_number << "expected port age: " << port_age
          << "actual port age: " << state->port_age;
    }

    // MIDI Running status must be filtered out.
    MidiMessageQueue message_queue(false);
    message_queue.Add(data);
    std::vector<uint8_t> message;
    while (true) {
      if (destructor_started)
        break;
      if (state->closed)
        break;
      message_queue.Get(&message);
      if (message.empty())
        break;
      // SendShortMidiMessageInternal can send a MIDI message up to 3 bytes.
      if (message.size() <= 3)
        SendShortMidiMessageInternal(state->midi_handle, message);
      else
        SendLongMidiMessageInternal(state->midi_handle, message);
    }
  }

  /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // Callbacks on the task thread.
  /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  void AssertOnTaskThread() {
    DCHECK_EQ(task_thread_.GetThreadId(), base::PlatformThread::CurrentId());
  }

  void UpdateDeviceListOnTaskThread() {
    AssertOnTaskThread();
    const UINT num_in_devices = midiInGetNumDevs();
    for (UINT device_id = 0; device_id < num_in_devices; ++device_id) {
      // Here we use |CALLBACK_FUNCTION| to subscribe MIM_DATA, MIM_LONGDATA,
      // MIM_OPEN, and MIM_CLOSE events.
      // - MIM_DATA: This is the only way to get a short MIDI message with
      //     timestamp information.
      // - MIM_LONGDATA: This is the only way to get a long MIDI message with
      //     timestamp information.
      // - MIM_OPEN: This event is sent the input device is opened. Note that
      //     this message is called on the caller thread.
      // - MIM_CLOSE: This event is sent when 1) midiInClose() is called, or 2)
      //     the MIDI device becomes unavailable for some reasons, e.g., the
      //     cable is disconnected. As for the former case, HMIDIOUT will be
      //     invalidated soon after the callback is finished. As for the later
      //     case, however, HMIDIOUT continues to be valid until midiInClose()
      //     is called.
      HMIDIIN midi_handle = kInvalidMidiInHandle;
      const MMRESULT result = midiInOpen(
          &midi_handle, device_id,
          reinterpret_cast<DWORD_PTR>(&OnMidiInEventOnMainlyMultimediaThread),
          reinterpret_cast<DWORD_PTR>(this), CALLBACK_FUNCTION);
      DLOG_IF(ERROR, result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR && result != MMSYSERR_ALLOCATED)
          << "Failed to open output device. "
          << " id: " << device_id << " message: " << GetInErrorMessage(result);
    }

    const UINT num_out_devices = midiOutGetNumDevs();
    for (UINT device_id = 0; device_id < num_out_devices; ++device_id) {
      // Here we use |CALLBACK_FUNCTION| to subscribe MOM_DONE, MOM_OPEN, and
      // MOM_CLOSE events.
      // - MOM_DONE: SendLongMidiMessageInternal() relies on this event to clean
      //     up the backing store where a long MIDI message is stored.
      // - MOM_OPEN: This event is sent the output device is opened. Note that
      //     this message is called on the caller thread.
      // - MOM_CLOSE: This event is sent when 1) midiOutClose() is called, or 2)
      //     the MIDI device becomes unavailable for some reasons, e.g., the
      //     cable is disconnected. As for the former case, HMIDIOUT will be
      //     invalidated soon after the callback is finished. As for the later
      //     case, however, HMIDIOUT continues to be valid until midiOutClose()
      //     is called.
      HMIDIOUT midi_handle = kInvalidMidiOutHandle;
      const MMRESULT result = midiOutOpen(
          &midi_handle, device_id,
          reinterpret_cast<DWORD_PTR>(&OnMidiOutEventOnMainlyMultimediaThread),
          reinterpret_cast<DWORD_PTR>(this), CALLBACK_FUNCTION);
      DLOG_IF(ERROR, result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR && result != MMSYSERR_ALLOCATED)
          << "Failed to open output device. "
          << " id: " << device_id << " message: " << GetOutErrorMessage(result);
    }
  }

  void StartInputDeviceOnTaskThread(HMIDIIN midi_in_handle) {
    AssertOnTaskThread();
    auto state = GetInputDeviceFromHandle(midi_in_handle);
    if (!state)
      return;
    MMRESULT result =
        midiInPrepareHeader(state->midi_handle, state->midi_header.get(),
                            sizeof(*state->midi_header));
    if (result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
      DLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to initialize input buffer: "
                  << GetInErrorMessage(result);
      return;
    }
    result = midiInAddBuffer(state->midi_handle, state->midi_header.get(),
                             sizeof(*state->midi_header));
    if (result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
      DLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to attach input buffer: "
                  << GetInErrorMessage(result);
      return;
    }
    result = midiInStart(state->midi_handle);
    if (result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR) {
      DLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to start input port: "
                  << GetInErrorMessage(result);
      return;
    }
    state->start_time = base::TimeTicks::Now();
    state->start_time_initialized = true;
  }

  void CompleteInitializationOnTaskThread(Result result) {
    AssertOnTaskThread();
    delegate_->OnCompleteInitialization(result);
  }

  void ReceiveMidiDataOnTaskThread(uint32_t port_index,
                                   std::vector<uint8_t> data,
                                   base::TimeTicks time) {
    AssertOnTaskThread();
    delegate_->OnReceiveMidiData(port_index, data, time);
  }

  void AddInputPortOnTaskThread(MidiPortInfo info) {
    AssertOnTaskThread();
    delegate_->OnAddInputPort(info);
  }

  void AddOutputPortOnTaskThread(MidiPortInfo info) {
    AssertOnTaskThread();
    delegate_->OnAddOutputPort(info);
  }

  void SetInputPortStateOnTaskThread(uint32_t port_index, PortState state) {
    AssertOnTaskThread();
    delegate_->OnSetInputPortState(port_index, state);
  }

  void SetOutputPortStateOnTaskThread(uint32_t port_index, PortState state) {
    AssertOnTaskThread();
    delegate_->OnSetOutputPortState(port_index, state);
  }

  /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // Fields:
  /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  // Does not take ownership.
  MidiServiceWinDelegate* delegate_;

  base::ThreadChecker thread_checker_;

  base::Thread sender_thread_;
  base::Thread task_thread_;

  base::Lock input_ports_lock_;
  base::hash_map<HMIDIIN, scoped_refptr<MidiInputDeviceState>>
      input_device_map_;                // GUARDED_BY(input_ports_lock_)
  PortNumberCache unused_input_ports_;  // GUARDED_BY(input_ports_lock_)
  std::vector<scoped_refptr<MidiInputDeviceState>>
      input_ports_;                       // GUARDED_BY(input_ports_lock_)
  std::vector<uint64_t> input_ports_ages_;  // GUARDED_BY(input_ports_lock_)

  base::Lock output_ports_lock_;
  base::hash_map<HMIDIOUT, scoped_refptr<MidiOutputDeviceState>>
      output_device_map_;                // GUARDED_BY(output_ports_lock_)
  PortNumberCache unused_output_ports_;  // GUARDED_BY(output_ports_lock_)
  std::vector<scoped_refptr<MidiOutputDeviceState>>
      output_ports_;                       // GUARDED_BY(output_ports_lock_)
  std::vector<uint64_t> output_ports_ages_;  // GUARDED_BY(output_ports_lock_)

  // True if one thread reached MidiServiceWinImpl::~MidiServiceWinImpl(). Note
  // that MidiServiceWinImpl::~MidiServiceWinImpl() is blocked until
  // |sender_thread_|, and |task_thread_| are stopped.
  // This flag can be used as the signal that when background tasks must be
  // interrupted.
  // TODO(toyoshim): Use std::atomic<bool> when it is allowed.
  volatile bool destructor_started;

  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(MidiServiceWinImpl);
};

}  // namespace

MidiManagerWin::MidiManagerWin(MidiService* service) : MidiManager(service) {}

MidiManagerWin::~MidiManagerWin() {
}

void MidiManagerWin::StartInitialization() {
  midi_service_.reset(new MidiServiceWinImpl);
  // Note that |CompleteInitialization()| will be called from the callback.
  midi_service_->InitializeAsync(this);
}

void MidiManagerWin::Finalize() {
  midi_service_.reset();
}

void MidiManagerWin::DispatchSendMidiData(MidiManagerClient* client,
                                          uint32_t port_index,
                                          const std::vector<uint8_t>& data,
                                          double timestamp) {
  if (!midi_service_)
    return;

  base::TimeTicks time_to_send = base::TimeTicks::Now();
  if (timestamp != 0.0) {
    time_to_send =
        base::TimeTicks() + base::TimeDelta::FromMicroseconds(
                                timestamp * base::Time::kMicrosecondsPerSecond);
  }
  midi_service_->SendMidiDataAsync(port_index, data, time_to_send);

  // TOOD(toyoshim): This calculation should be done when the date is actually
  // sent.
  client->AccumulateMidiBytesSent(data.size());
}

void MidiManagerWin::OnCompleteInitialization(Result result) {
  CompleteInitialization(result);
}

void MidiManagerWin::OnAddInputPort(MidiPortInfo info) {
  AddInputPort(info);
}

void MidiManagerWin::OnAddOutputPort(MidiPortInfo info) {
  AddOutputPort(info);
}

void MidiManagerWin::OnSetInputPortState(uint32_t port_index, PortState state) {
  SetInputPortState(port_index, state);
}

void MidiManagerWin::OnSetOutputPortState(uint32_t port_index,
                                          PortState state) {
  SetOutputPortState(port_index, state);
}

void MidiManagerWin::OnReceiveMidiData(uint32_t port_index,
                                       const std::vector<uint8_t>& data,
                                       base::TimeTicks time) {
  ReceiveMidiData(port_index, &data[0], data.size(), time);
}

MidiManager* MidiManager::Create(MidiService* service) {
  if (base::FeatureList::IsEnabled(features::kMidiManagerWinrt) &&
      base::win::GetVersion() >= base::win::VERSION_WIN10)
    return new MidiManagerWinrt(service);
  if (base::FeatureList::IsEnabled(features::kMidiManagerDynamicInstantiation))
    return new DynamicallyInitializedMidiManagerWin(service);
  return new MidiManagerWin(service);
}

}  // namespace midi