Chrome plays an important role on Android - not only is it the default browser, but Chrome powers WebView, which is used by many built-in and third-party apps to display all sorts of content.
This document covers some of the technical details of how Chrome implements its accessibility support on Android.
As background reading, you should be familiar with [https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/ui/accessibility](Android Accessibility) and in particular https://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/accessibility/AccessibilityNodeInfo and https://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/accessibility/AccessibilityNodeProvider.
The main Java class that implements the accessibility protocol in Chrome is https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/content/public/android/java/src/org/chromium/content/browser/accessibility/WebContentsAccessibilityImpl.java. It implements the AccessibilityNodeProvider interface, so a single Android View can be represented by an entire tree of virtual views. Note that WebContentsAccessibilityImpl represents an entire web page, including all frames. The ids in the java code are unique IDs, not frame-local IDs.
On most platforms, we create a native object for every AXNode in a web page, and we implement a bunch of methods on that object that assistive technology can query.
Android is different - it‘s more lightweight in one way, in that we only create a native AccessibilityNodeInfo when specifically requested, when an Android accessibility service is exploring the virtual tree. In another sense it’s more heavyweight, though, because every time a virtual view is requested we have to populate it with every possible accessibility attribute, and there are quite a few.
Populating AccessibilityNodeInfo is a bit complicated for reasons of Android version compatibility and also code efficiency.
WebContentsAccessibilityImpl.createAccessibilityNodeInfo is the starting point. That's called by the Android framework when we need to provide the info about one virtual view (a web node).
We call into C++ code - https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/content/browser/accessibility/web_contents_accessibility_android.cc from there, because all of the information about the accessibility tree is using the shared C++ BrowserAccessibilityManager code.
However, the C++ code then calls back into Java in order to set all of the properties of AccessibilityNodeInfo, because those have to be set in Java. Each of those methods, like setAccessibilityNodeInfoBooleanAttributes, is often overridden by an Android-version-specific subclass to take advantage of newer APIs where available.
Having the Java code query C++ for every individual attribute one at a time would be too expensive, we‘d be going across the JNI boundary too many times. That’s why it's structured the way it is now.
The way touch exploration works on Android is complicated: