test provides a standard way of writing and running tests in Dart.

• Writing Tests
• Running Tests
  • Restricting Tests to Certain Platforms
  • Platform Selectors
  • Running Tests on Node.js
• Asynchronous Tests
  • Stream Matchers
• Running Tests With Custom HTML
• Configuring Tests
  • Skipping Tests
  • Timeouts
  • Platform-Specific Configuration
  • Whole-Package Configuration
• Tagging Tests
• Debugging
• Browser/VM Hybrid Tests
• Support for Other Packages
  • term_glyph
  • barback
• Further Reading

Writing Tests

Tests are specified using the top-level test() function, and test assertions are made using expect():

import "package:test/test.dart";

void main() {
  test("String.split() splits the string on the delimiter", () {
    var string = "foo,bar,baz";
    expect(string.split(","), equals(["foo", "bar", "baz"]));
  });

  test("String.trim() removes surrounding whitespace", () {
    var string = "  foo ";
    expect(string.trim(), equals("foo"));
  });
}

Tests can be grouped together using the group() function. Each group‘s description is added to the beginning of its test’s descriptions.

import "package:test/test.dart";

void main() {
  group("String", () {
    test(".split() splits the string on the delimiter", () {
      var string = "foo,bar,baz";
      expect(string.split(","), equals(["foo", "bar", "baz"]));
    });

    test(".trim() removes surrounding whitespace", () {
      var string = "  foo ";
      expect(string.trim(), equals("foo"));
    });
  });

  group("int", () {
    test(".remainder() returns the remainder of division", () {
      expect(11.remainder(3), equals(2));
    });

    test(".toRadixString() returns a hex string", () {
      expect(11.toRadixString(16), equals("b"));
    });
  });
}

Any matchers from the matcher package can be used with expect() to do complex validations:

import "package:test/test.dart";

void main() {
  test(".split() splits the string on the delimiter", () {
    expect("foo,bar,baz", allOf([
      contains("foo"),
      isNot(startsWith("bar")),
      endsWith("baz")
    ]));
  });
}

You can use the setUp() and tearDown() functions to share code between tests. The setUp() callback will run before every test in a group or test suite, and tearDown() will run after. tearDown() will run even if a test fails, to ensure that it has a chance to clean up after itself.

import "package:test/test.dart";

void main() {
  var server;
  var url;
  setUp(() async {
    server = await HttpServer.bind('localhost', 0);
    url = Uri.parse("http://${server.address.host}:${server.port}");
  });

  tearDown(() async {
    await server.close(force: true);
    server = null;
    url = null;
  });

  // ...
}

Running Tests

A single test file can be run just using pub run test path/to/test.dart.

Many tests can be run at a time using pub run test path/to/dir.

It‘s also possible to run a test on the Dart VM only by invoking it using dart path/to/test.dart, but this doesn’t load the full test runner and will be missing some features.

The test runner considers any file that ends with _test.dart to be a test file. If you don't pass any paths, it will run all the test files in your test/ directory, making it easy to test your entire application at once.

You can select specific tests cases to run by name using pub run test -n "test name". The string is interpreted as a regular expression, and only tests whose description (including any group descriptions) match that regular expression will be run. You can also use the -N flag to run tests whose names contain a plain-text string.

By default, tests are run in the Dart VM, but you can run them in the browser as well by passing pub run test -p chrome path/to/test.dart. test will take care of starting the browser and loading the tests, and all the results will be reported on the command line just like for VM tests. In fact, you can even run tests on both platforms with a single command: pub run test -p "chrome,vm" path/to/test.dart.

Restricting Tests to Certain Platforms

Some test files only make sense to run on particular platforms. They may use dart:html or dart:io, they might test Windows' particular filesystem behavior, or they might use a feature that's only available in Chrome. The @TestOn annotation makes it easy to declare exactly which platforms a test file should run on. Just put it at the top of your file, before any library or import declarations:

@TestOn("vm")

import "dart:io";

import "package:test/test.dart";

void main() {
  // ...
}

The string you pass to @TestOn is what's called a “platform selector”, and it specifies exactly which platforms a test can run on. It can be as simple as the name of a platform, or a more complex Dart-like boolean expression involving these platform names.

You can also declare that your entire package only works on certain platforms by adding a test_on field to your package config file.

Platform Selectors

Platform selectors use the boolean selector syntax defined in the boolean_selector package, which is a subset of Dart's expression syntax that only supports boolean operations. The following identifiers are defined:

• vm: Whether the test is running on the command-line Dart VM.

• chrome: Whether the test is running on Google Chrome.

• phantomjs: Whether the test is running on PhantomJS.

• firefox: Whether the test is running on Mozilla Firefox.

• safari: Whether the test is running on Apple Safari.

• ie: Whether the test is running on Microsoft Internet Explorer.

• node: Whether the test is running on Node.js.

• dart-vm: Whether the test is running on the Dart VM in any context. It's identical to !js.

• browser: Whether the test is running in any browser.

• js: Whether the test has been compiled to JS. This is identical to !dart-vm.

• blink: Whether the test is running in a browser that uses the Blink rendering engine.

• windows: Whether the test is running on Windows. This can only be true if either vm or node is true.

• mac-os: Whether the test is running on Mac OS. This can only be true if either vm or node is true.

• linux: Whether the test is running on Linux. This can only be true if either vm or node is true.

• android: Whether the test is running on Android. If vm is false, this will be false as well, which means that this won't be true if the test is running on an Android browser.

• ios: Whether the test is running on iOS. If vm is false, this will be false as well, which means that this won't be true if the test is running on an iOS browser.

• posix: Whether the test is running on a POSIX operating system. This is equivalent to !windows.

For example, if you wanted to run a test on every browser but Chrome, you would write @TestOn("browser && !chrome").

Running Tests on Node.js

The test runner also supports compiling tests to JavaScript and running them on Node.js by passing --platform node. Note that Node has access to neither dart:html nor dart:io, so any platform-specific APIs will have to be invoked using the js package. However, it may be useful when testing APIs that are meant to be used by JavaScript code.

The test runner looks for an executable named node (on Mac OS or Linux) or node.exe (on Windows) on your system path. When compiling Node.js tests, it passes -Dnode=true, so tests can determine whether they're running on Node using const bool.fromEnvironment("node"). It also sets --categories=Server, which will tell the compiler that dart:html is not available.

If a top-level node_modules directory exists, tests running on Node.js can import modules from it.

Asynchronous Tests

Tests written with async/await will work automatically. The test runner won't consider the test finished until the returned Future completes.

import "dart:async";

import "package:test/test.dart";

void main() {
  test("new Future.value() returns the value", () async {
    var value = await new Future.value(10);
    expect(value, equals(10));
  });
}

There are also a number of useful functions and matchers for more advanced asynchrony. The completion() matcher can be used to test Futures; it ensures that the test doesn't finish until the Future completes, and runs a matcher against that Future's value.

import "dart:async";

import "package:test/test.dart";

void main() {
  test("new Future.value() returns the value", () {
    expect(new Future.value(10), completion(equals(10)));
  });
}

The throwsA() matcher and the various throwsExceptionType matchers work with both synchronous callbacks and asynchronous Futures. They ensure that a particular type of exception is thrown:

import "dart:async";

import "package:test/test.dart";

void main() {
  test("new Future.error() throws the error", () {
    expect(new Future.error("oh no"), throwsA(equals("oh no")));
    expect(new Future.error(new StateError("bad state")), throwsStateError);
  });
}

The expectAsync() function wraps another function and has two jobs. First, it asserts that the wrapped function is called a certain number of times, and will cause the test to fail if it's called too often; second, it keeps the test from finishing until the function is called the requisite number of times.

import "dart:async";

import "package:test/test.dart";

void main() {
  test("Stream.fromIterable() emits the values in the iterable", () {
    var stream = new Stream.fromIterable([1, 2, 3]);

    stream.listen(expectAsync1((number) {
      expect(number, inInclusiveRange(1, 3));
    }, count: 3));
  });
}

Stream Matchers

The test package provides a suite of powerful matchers for dealing with asynchronous streams. They're expressive and composable, and make it easy to write complex expectations about the values emitted by a stream. For example:

import "dart:async";

import "package:test/test.dart";

void main() {
  test("process emits status messages", () {
    // Dummy data to mimic something that might be emitted by a process.
    var stdoutLines = new Stream.fromIterable([
      "Ready.",
      "Loading took 150ms.",
      "Succeeded!"
    ]);

    expect(stdoutLines, emitsInOrder([
      // Values match individual events.
      "Ready.",

      // Matchers also run against individual events.
      startsWith("Loading took"),

      // Stream matchers can be nested. This asserts that one of two events are
      // emitted after the "Loading took" line.
      emitsAnyOf(["Succeeded!", "Failed!"]),

      // By default, more events are allowed after the matcher finishes
      // matching. This asserts instead that the stream emits a done event and
      // nothing else.
      emitsDone
    ]));
  });
}

A stream matcher can also match the async package's StreamQueue class, which allows events to be requested from a stream rather than pushed to the consumer. The matcher will consume the matched events, but leave the rest of the queue alone so that it can still be used by the test, unlike a normal Stream which can only have one subscriber. For example:

import "dart:async";

import "package:async/async.dart";
import "package:test/test.dart";

void main() {
  test("process emits a WebSocket URL", () async {
    // Wrap the Stream in a StreamQueue so that we can request events.
    var stdout = new StreamQueue(new Stream.fromIterable([
      "WebSocket URL:",
      "ws://localhost:1234/",
      "Waiting for connection..."
    ]));

    // Ignore lines from the process until it's about to emit the URL.
    await expect(stdout, emitsThrough("WebSocket URL:"));

    // Parse the next line as a URL.
    var url = Uri.parse(await stdout.next);
    expect(url.host, equals('localhost'));

    // You can match against the same StreamQueue multiple times.
    await expect(stdout, emits("Waiting for connection..."));
  });
}

The following built-in stream matchers are available:

• emits() matches a single data event.
• emitsError() matches a single error event.
• emitsDone matches a single done event.
• mayEmit() consumes events if they match an inner matcher, without requiring them to match.
• mayEmitMultiple() works like mayEmit(), but it matches events against the matcher as many times as possible.
• emitsAnyOf() consumes events matching one (or more) of several possible matchers.
• emitsInOrder() consumes events matching multiple matchers in a row.
• emitsInAnyOrder() works like emitsInOrder(), but it allows the matchers to match in any order.
• neverEmits() matches a stream that finishes without matching an inner matcher.

You can also define your own custom stream matchers by calling new StreamMatcher().

Running Tests With Custom HTML

By default, the test runner will generate its own empty HTML file for browser tests. However, tests that need custom HTML can create their own files. These files have three requirements:

• They must have the same name as the test, with .dart replaced by .html.

• They must contain a link tag with rel="x-dart-test" and an href attribute pointing to the test script.

• They must contain <script src="packages/test/dart.js"></script>.

For example, if you had a test called custom_html_test.dart, you might write the following HTML file:

<!doctype html>
<!-- custom_html_test.html -->
<html>
  <head>
    <title>Custom HTML Test</title>
    <link rel="x-dart-test" href="custom_html_test.dart">
    <script src="packages/test/dart.js"></script>
  </head>
  <body>
    // ...
  </body>
</html>

Configuring Tests

Skipping Tests

If a test, group, or entire suite isn‘t working yet and you just want it to stop complaining, you can mark it as “skipped”. The test or tests won’t be run, and, if you supply a reason why, that reason will be printed. In general, skipping tests indicates that they should run but is temporarily not working. If they're is fundamentally incompatible with a platform, @TestOn/testOn should be used instead.

To skip a test suite, put a @Skip annotation at the top of the file:

@Skip("currently failing (see issue 1234)")

import "package:test/test.dart";

void main() {
  // ...
}

The string you pass should describe why the test is skipped. You don‘t have to include it, but it’s a good idea to document why the test isn't running.

Groups and individual tests can be skipped by passing the skip parameter. This can be either true or a String describing why the test is skipped. For example:

import "package:test/test.dart";

void main() {
  group("complicated algorithm tests", () {
    // ...
  }, skip: "the algorithm isn't quite right");

  test("error-checking test", () {
    // ...
  }, skip: "TODO: add error-checking.");
}

Timeouts

By default, tests will time out after 30 seconds of inactivity. However, this can be configured on a per-test, -group, or -suite basis. To change the timeout for a test suite, put a @Timeout annotation at the top of the file:

@Timeout(const Duration(seconds: 45))

import "package:test/test.dart";

void main() {
  // ...
}

In addition to setting an absolute timeout, you can set the timeout relative to the default using @Timeout.factor. For example, @Timeout.factor(1.5) will set the timeout to one and a half times as long as the default—45 seconds.

Timeouts can be set for tests and groups using the timeout parameter. This parameter takes a Timeout object just like the annotation. For example:

import "package:test/test.dart";

void main() {
  group("slow tests", () {
    // ...

    test("even slower test", () {
      // ...
    }, timeout: new Timeout.factor(2))
  }, timeout: new Timeout(new Duration(minutes: 1)));
}

Nested timeouts apply in order from outermost to innermost. That means that “even slower test” will take two minutes to time out, since it multiplies the group's timeout by 2.

Platform-Specific Configuration

Sometimes a test may need to be configured differently for different platforms. Windows might run your code slower than other platforms, or your DOM manipulation might not work right on Safari yet. For these cases, you can use the @OnPlatform annotation and the onPlatform named parameter to test() and group(). For example:

@OnPlatform(const {
  // Give Windows some extra wiggle-room before timing out.
  "windows": const Timeout.factor(2)
})

import "package:test/test.dart";

void main() {
  test("do a thing", () {
    // ...
  }, onPlatform: {
    "safari": new Skip("Safari is currently broken (see #1234)")
  });
}

Both the annotation and the parameter take a map. The map's keys are platform selectors which describe the platforms for which the specialized configuration applies. Its values are instances of some of the same annotation classes that can be used for a suite: Skip and Timeout. A value can also be a list of these values.

If multiple platforms match, the configuration is applied in order from first to last, just as they would in nested groups. This means that for configuration like duration-based timeouts, the last matching value wins.

You can also set up global platform-specific configuration using the package configuration file.

Tagging Tests

Tags are short strings that you can associate with tests, groups, and suites. They don‘t have any built-in meaning, but they’re very useful nonetheless: you can associate your own custom configuration with them, or you can use them to easily filter tests so you only run the ones you need to.

Tags are defined using the @Tags annotation for suites and the tags named parameter to test() and group(). For example:

@Tags(const ["browser"])

import "package:test/test.dart";

void main() {
  test("successfully launches Chrome", () {
    // ...
  }, tags: "chrome");

  test("launches two browsers at once", () {
    // ...
  }, tags: ["chrome", "firefox"]);
}

If the test runner encounters a tag that wasn‘t declared in the package configuration file, it’ll print a warning, so be sure to include all your tags there. You can also use the file to provide default configuration for tags, like giving all browser tests twice as much time before they time out.

Tests can be filtered based on their tags by passing command line flags. The --tags or -t flag will cause the test runner to only run tests with the given tags, and the --exclude-tags or -x flag will cause it to only run tests without the given tags. These flags also support boolean selector syntax. For example, you can pass --tags "(chrome || firefox) && !slow" to select quick Chrome or Firefox tests.

Note that tags must be valid Dart identifiers, although they may also contain hyphens.

Whole-Package Configuration

For configuration that applies across multiple files, or even the entire package, test supports a configuration file called dart_test.yaml. At its simplest, this file can contain the same sort of configuration that can be passed as command-line arguments:

# This package's tests are very slow. Double the default timeout.
timeout: 2x

# This is a browser-only package, so test on chrome by default.
platforms: [chrome]

The configuration file sets new defaults. These defaults can still be overridden by command-line arguments, just like the built-in defaults. In the example above, you could pass --platform firefox to run on Firefox.

A configuration file can do much more than just set global defaults. See the full documentation for more details.

Debugging

Tests can be debugged interactively using browsers' built-in development tools. Currently there's no support for interactively debugging command-line VM tests, but it will be added in the future.

The first step when debugging is to pass the --pause-after-load flag to the test runner. This pauses the browser after each test suite has loaded, so that you have time to open the development tools and set breakpoints. For PhantomJS, it will print the remote debugger URL.

Once you‘ve set breakpoints, either click the big arrow in the middle of the web page or press Enter in your terminal to start the tests running. When you hit a breakpoint, the runner will open its own debugging console in the terminal that controls how tests are run. You can type “restart” there to re-run your test as many times as you need to figure out what’s going on.

Normally, browser tests are run in hidden iframes. However, when debugging, the iframe for the current test suite is expanded to fill the browser window so you can see and interact with any HTML it renders. Note that the Dart animation may still be visible behind the iframe; to hide it, just add a background-color to the page's HTML.

Browser/VM Hybrid Tests

Code that‘s written for the browser often needs to talk to some kind of server. Maybe you’re testing the HTML served by your app, or maybe you're writing a library that communicates over WebSockets. We call tests that run code on both the browser and the VM hybrid tests.

Hybrid tests use one of two functions: spawnHybridCode() and spawnHybridUri(). Both of these spawn Dart VM isolates that can import dart:io and other VM-only libraries. The only difference is where the code from the isolate comes from: spawnHybridCode() takes a chunk of actual Dart code, whereas spawnHybridUri() takes a URL. They both return a StreamChannel that communicates with the hybrid isolate. For example:

// ## test/web_socket_server.dart

// The library loaded by spawnHybridUri() can import any packages that your
// package depends on, including those that only work on the VM.
import "package:shelf/shelf_io.dart" as io;
import "package:shelf_web_socket/shelf_web_socket.dart";
import "package:stream_channel/stream_channel.dart";

// Once the hybrid isolate starts, it will call the special function
// hybridMain() with a StreamChannel that's connected to the channel
// returned spawnHybridCode().
hybridMain(StreamChannel channel) async {
  // Start a WebSocket server that just sends "hello!" to its clients.
  var server = await io.serve(webSocketHandler((webSocket) {
    webSocket.sink.add("hello!");
  }), 'localhost', 0);

  // Send the port number of the WebSocket server to the browser test, so
  // it knows what to connect to.
  channel.sink.add(server.port);
}


// ## test/web_socket_test.dart

@TestOn("browser")

import "dart:html";

import "package:test/test.dart";

void main() {
  test("connects to a server-side WebSocket", () async {
    // Each spawnHybrid function returns a StreamChannel that communicates with
    // the hybrid isolate. You can close this channel to kill the isolate.
    var channel = spawnHybridUri("web_socket_server.dart");

    // Get the port for the WebSocket server from the hybrid isolate.
    var port = await channel.stream.first;

    var socket = new WebSocket('ws://localhost:$port');
    var message = await socket.onMessage.first;
    expect(message.data, equals("hello!"));
  });
}

Note: If you write hybrid tests, be sure to add a dependency on the stream_channel package, since you're using its API!

Support for Other Packages

term_glyph

The term_glyph package provides getters for Unicode glyphs with ASCII alternatives. test ensures that it‘s configured to produce ASCII when the user is running on Windows, where Unicode isn’t supported. This ensures that testing libraries can use Unicode on POSIX operating systems without breaking Windows users.

barback

Packages using the barback transformer system may need to test code that's created or modified using transformers. The test runner handles this using the --pub-serve option, which tells it to load the test code from a pub serve instance rather than from the filesystem.

Before using the --pub-serve option, add the test/pub_serve transformer to your pubspec.yaml. This transformer adds the necessary bootstrapping code that allows the test runner to load your tests properly:

transformers:
- test/pub_serve:
    $include: test/**_test{.*,}.dart

Note that if you're using the test runner along with polymer, you have to make sure that the test/pub_serve transformer comes after the polymer transformer:

transformers:
- polymer
- test/pub_serve:
    $include: test/**_test{.*,}.dart

Then, start up pub serve. Make sure to pay attention to which port it's using to serve your test/ directory:

$ pub serve
Loading source assets...
Loading test/pub_serve transformers...
Serving my_app web on http://localhost:8080
Serving my_app test on http://localhost:8081
Build completed successfully

In this case, the port is 8081. In another terminal, pass this port to --pub-serve and otherwise invoke pub run test as normal:

$ pub run test --pub-serve=8081 -p chrome
"pub serve" is compiling test/my_app_test.dart...
"pub serve" is compiling test/utils_test.dart...
00:00 +42: All tests passed!

Further Reading

Check out the API docs for detailed information about all the functions available to tests.

The test runner also supports a machine-readable JSON-based reporter. This reporter allows the test runner to be wrapped and its progress presented in custom ways (for example, in an IDE). See the protocol documentation for more details.