fuzz_test.go - external/github.com/google/gofuzz - Git at Google

 /*
 Copyright 2014 Google Inc. All rights reserved.

 Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 You may obtain a copy of the License at

     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 limitations under the License.
 */

 package fuzz

 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"math/rand"
 	"reflect"
 	"regexp"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 )

 func TestFuzz_basic(t *testing.T) {
 	obj := struct {
 		I    int
 		I8   int8
 		I16  int16
 		I32  int32
 		I64  int64
 		U    uint
 		U8   uint8
 		U16  uint16
 		U32  uint32
 		U64  uint64
 		Uptr uintptr
 		S    string
 		B    bool
 		T    time.Time
 		C64  complex64
 		C128 complex128
 	}{}

 	tryFuzz(t, New(), &obj, func() Stages {
 		s := DeclareStages(16)
 		s.Stage(0, obj.I != 0)
 		s.Stage(1, obj.I8 != 0)
 		s.Stage(2, obj.I16 != 0)
 		s.Stage(3, obj.I32 != 0)
 		s.Stage(4, obj.I64 != 0)
 		s.Stage(5, obj.U != 0)
 		s.Stage(6, obj.U8 != 0)
 		s.Stage(7, obj.U16 != 0)
 		s.Stage(8, obj.U32 != 0)
 		s.Stage(9, obj.U64 != 0)
 		s.Stage(10, obj.Uptr != 0)
 		s.Stage(11, obj.S != "")
 		s.Stage(12, obj.B == true)
 		s.Stage(13, !obj.T.IsZero())
 		s.Stage(14, obj.C64 != 0)
 		s.Stage(15, obj.C128 != 0)
 		return s
 	})
 }

 func TestFuzz_structptr(t *testing.T) {
 	obj := struct {
 		A *struct {
 			S string
 		}
 	}{}

 	f := New().NilChance(.5)
 	tryFuzz(t, f, &obj, func() Stages {
 		s := DeclareStages(3)
 		s.Stage(0, obj.A == nil)
 		if s.Stage(1, obj.A != nil) {
 			s.Stage(2, obj.A.S != "")
 		}
 		return s
 	})
 }

 // tryFuzz tries fuzzing until check returns passed == true, or up to 100
 // times. Fail if check() never passes, report the highest stage it ever got
 // to.
 func tryFuzz(t *testing.T, f fuzzer, obj interface{}, check func() Stages) {
 	t.Helper()
 	var s Stages
 	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
 		f.Fuzz(obj)
 		got := check()
 		s = s.OrPasses(got)
 		if s.AllPassed() {
 			return
 		}
 	}
 	t.Errorf("Not all stages passed:\n%s", s)
 }

 // Stages tracks pass/fail for up to 63 stages
 type Stages struct {
 	mask   uint64
 	passed uint64
 	failed uint64
 }

 func DeclareStages(N uint) Stages {
 	if N >= 63 {
 		panic("the math below only works up to 63")
 	}
 	return Stages{
 		// Exercise for the reader: make this work for all 64 bits.
 		mask: (uint64(1) << N) - 1,
 	}
 }

 func (s Stages) String() string {
 	explain := map[uint64]string{
 		0: "never passed",
 		1: "passed",
 	}
 	var parts []string
 	for u := uint(0); s.mask != 0; u++ {
 		parts = append(parts, fmt.Sprintf("stage %v: %v", u, explain[s.passed&1]))
 		s.mask >>= 1
 		s.passed >>= 1
 	}
 	return strings.Join(parts, "\n")
 }

 func (s Stages) OrPasses(s2 Stages) Stages {
 	if s.mask == 0 {
 		// Allow accumulating without knowing the number of stages in
 		// advance
 		s.mask = s2.mask
 	}
 	if s.mask != s2.mask {
 		panic("coding error, stages are differently typed")
 	}
 	s.passed |= (s2.passed & ^s2.failed)
 	return s
 }

 func (s Stages) AllPassed() bool {
 	return (s.passed & ^s.failed) == s.mask
 }

 // Stage records pass/fail for stage n, and returns `pass` so it can be used to
 // do conditional stages in an `if` statement.  If called multiple times for
 // the same stage, every call for that stage must pass.
 //
 // Don't use Stage for things where seeing a failure once should fail the whole
 // test regardless of retries.
 func (s *Stages) Stage(n uint, pass bool) bool {
 	if pass {
 		s.passed |= 1 << n
 		if s.passed > s.mask {
 			panic("passed a stage that wasn't declared?")
 		}
 	} else {
 		s.failed |= 1 << n
 		if s.failed > s.mask {
 			panic("passed a stage that wasn't declared?")
 		}
 	}
 	return pass
 }

 type fuzzer interface {
 	Fuzz(obj interface{})
 }

 func TestFuzz_structmap(t *testing.T) {
 	obj := &struct {
 		A map[struct {
 			S string
 		}]struct {
 			S2 string
 		}
 		B map[string]string
 	}{}

 	tryFuzz(t, New(), obj, func() Stages {
 		s := DeclareStages(8)
 		s.Stage(0, obj.A != nil)
 		s.Stage(1, len(obj.A) != 0)
 		for k, v := range obj.A {
 			s.Stage(2, k.S != "")
 			s.Stage(3, v.S2 != "")
 		}

 		s.Stage(4, obj.B != nil)
 		s.Stage(5, len(obj.B) != 0)
 		for k, v := range obj.B {
 			s.Stage(6, k != "")
 			s.Stage(7, v != "")
 		}
 		return s
 	})
 }

 func TestFuzz_structslice(t *testing.T) {
 	obj := &struct {
 		A []struct {
 			S string
 		}
 		B []string
 	}{}

 	tryFuzz(t, New(), obj, func() Stages {
 		s := DeclareStages(6)
 		s.Stage(0, obj.A != nil)
 		s.Stage(1, len(obj.A) != 0)
 		for _, v := range obj.A {
 			s.Stage(2, v.S != "")
 		}

 		s.Stage(3, obj.B != nil)
 		s.Stage(4, len(obj.B) != 0)
 		for _, v := range obj.B {
 			s.Stage(5, v != "")
 		}
 		return s
 	})
 }

 func TestFuzz_structarray(t *testing.T) {
 	obj := &struct {
 		A [3]struct {
 			S string
 		}
 		B [2]int
 	}{}

 	tryFuzz(t, New(), obj, func() Stages {
 		s := DeclareStages(2)
 		for _, v := range obj.A {
 			s.Stage(0, v.S != "")
 		}

 		for _, v := range obj.B {
 			s.Stage(1, v != 0)
 		}
 		return s
 	})
 }

 func TestFuzz_custom(t *testing.T) {
 	obj := &struct {
 		A string
 		B *string
 		C map[string]string
 		D *map[string]string
 	}{}

 	testPhrase := "gotcalled"
 	testMap := map[string]string{"C": "D"}
 	f := New().Funcs(
 		func(s *string, c Continue) {
 			*s = testPhrase
 		},
 		func(m map[string]string, c Continue) {
 			m["C"] = "D"
 		},
 	)

 	tryFuzz(t, f, obj, func() Stages {
 		s := DeclareStages(6)
 		s.Stage(0, obj.A == testPhrase)
 		if s.Stage(1, obj.B != nil) {
 			s.Stage(2, *obj.B == testPhrase)
 		}
 		s.Stage(3, reflect.DeepEqual(testMap, obj.C))
 		if s.Stage(4, obj.D != nil) {
 			s.Stage(5, reflect.DeepEqual(testMap, *obj.D))
 		}
 		return s
 	})
 }

 type SelfFuzzer string

 // Implement fuzz.Interface.
 func (sf *SelfFuzzer) Fuzz(c Continue) {
 	*sf = selfFuzzerTestPhrase
 }

 const selfFuzzerTestPhrase = "was fuzzed"

 func TestFuzz_interface(t *testing.T) {
 	f := New()

 	var obj1 SelfFuzzer
 	tryFuzz(t, f, &obj1, func() Stages {
 		s := DeclareStages(1)
 		s.Stage(0, obj1 == selfFuzzerTestPhrase)
 		return s
 	})

 	var obj2 map[int]SelfFuzzer
 	tryFuzz(t, f, &obj2, func() Stages {
 		s := DeclareStages(1)
 		for _, v := range obj2 {
 			s.Stage(0, v == selfFuzzerTestPhrase)
 		}
 		return s
 	})
 }

 func TestFuzz_interfaceAndFunc(t *testing.T) {
 	const privateTestPhrase = "private phrase"
 	f := New().Funcs(
 		// This should take precedence over SelfFuzzer.Fuzz().
 		func(s *SelfFuzzer, c Continue) {
 			*s = privateTestPhrase
 		},
 	)

 	var obj1 SelfFuzzer
 	tryFuzz(t, f, &obj1, func() Stages {
 		s := DeclareStages(1)
 		s.Stage(0, obj1 == privateTestPhrase)
 		return s
 	})

 	var obj2 map[int]SelfFuzzer
 	tryFuzz(t, f, &obj2, func() Stages {
 		s := DeclareStages(1)
 		for _, v := range obj2 {
 			s.Stage(0, v == privateTestPhrase)
 		}
 		return s
 	})
 }

 func TestFuzz_noCustom(t *testing.T) {
 	type Inner struct {
 		Str string
 	}
 	type Outer struct {
 		Str string
 		In  Inner
 	}

 	testPhrase := "gotcalled"
 	f := New().Funcs(
 		func(outer *Outer, c Continue) {
 			outer.Str = testPhrase
 			c.Fuzz(&outer.In)
 		},
 		func(inner *Inner, c Continue) {
 			inner.Str = testPhrase
 		},
 	)
 	c := Continue{fc: &fuzzerContext{fuzzer: f}, Rand: f.r}

 	// Fuzzer.Fuzz()
 	obj1 := Outer{}
 	f.Fuzz(&obj1)
 	if obj1.Str != testPhrase {
 		t.Errorf("expected Outer custom function to have been called")
 	}
 	if obj1.In.Str != testPhrase {
 		t.Errorf("expected Inner custom function to have been called")
 	}

 	// Continue.Fuzz()
 	obj2 := Outer{}
 	c.Fuzz(&obj2)
 	if obj2.Str != testPhrase {
 		t.Errorf("expected Outer custom function to have been called")
 	}
 	if obj2.In.Str != testPhrase {
 		t.Errorf("expected Inner custom function to have been called")
 	}

 	// Fuzzer.FuzzNoCustom()
 	obj3 := Outer{}
 	f.FuzzNoCustom(&obj3)
 	if obj3.Str == testPhrase {
 		t.Errorf("expected Outer custom function to not have been called")
 	}
 	if obj3.In.Str != testPhrase {
 		t.Errorf("expected Inner custom function to have been called")
 	}

 	// Continue.FuzzNoCustom()
 	obj4 := Outer{}
 	c.FuzzNoCustom(&obj4)
 	if obj4.Str == testPhrase {
 		t.Errorf("expected Outer custom function to not have been called")
 	}
 	if obj4.In.Str != testPhrase {
 		t.Errorf("expected Inner custom function to have been called")
 	}
 }

 func TestContinue_Fuzz_WithReflectValue(t *testing.T) {
 	type obj struct {
 		Str string
 	}

 	f := New()
 	c := Continue{fc: &fuzzerContext{fuzzer: f}, Rand: f.r}

 	o := obj{}
 	v := reflect.ValueOf(&o)

 	tryFuzz(t, c, v, func() Stages {
 		s := DeclareStages(1)
 		s.Stage(0, o.Str != "")
 		return s
 	})
 }

 func TestFuzz_NumElements(t *testing.T) {
 	f := New().NilChance(0).NumElements(0, 1)
 	obj := &struct {
 		A []int
 	}{}

 	tryFuzz(t, f, obj, func() Stages {
 		s := DeclareStages(3)
 		s.Stage(0, obj.A != nil)
 		s.Stage(1, len(obj.A) == 0)
 		s.Stage(2, len(obj.A) == 1)

 		if len(obj.A) > 1 {
 			t.Errorf("we should never see more than 1 element, saw %v", len(obj.A))
 		}
 		return s
 	})
 }

 func TestFuzz_Maxdepth(t *testing.T) {
 	type S struct {
 		S *S
 	}

 	f := New().NilChance(0)

 	f.MaxDepth(1)
 	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
 		obj := S{}
 		f.Fuzz(&obj)

 		if obj.S != nil {
 			t.Errorf("Expected nil")
 		}
 	}

 	f.MaxDepth(3) // field, ptr
 	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
 		obj := S{}
 		f.Fuzz(&obj)

 		if obj.S == nil {
 			t.Errorf("Expected obj.S not nil")
 		} else if obj.S.S != nil {
 			t.Errorf("Expected obj.S.S nil")
 		}
 	}

 	f.MaxDepth(5) // field, ptr, field, ptr
 	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
 		obj := S{}
 		f.Fuzz(&obj)

 		if obj.S == nil {
 			t.Errorf("Expected obj.S not nil")
 		} else if obj.S.S == nil {
 			t.Errorf("Expected obj.S.S not nil")
 		} else if obj.S.S.S != nil {
 			t.Errorf("Expected obj.S.S.S nil")
 		}
 	}
 }

 func TestFuzzer_AllowUnexportedFields(t *testing.T) {
 	type S struct {
 		stringField string
 	}

 	f := New().NilChance(0)

 	obj := S{}
 	f.Fuzz(&obj)
 	if obj.stringField != "" {
 		t.Errorf("Expected obj.stringField to be empty")
 	}

 	f.AllowUnexportedFields(true)
 	obj = S{}
 	f.Fuzz(&obj)
 	if obj.stringField == "" {
 		t.Errorf("Expected stringFiled not empty")
 	}

 	f.AllowUnexportedFields(false)
 	obj = S{}
 	f.Fuzz(&obj)
 	if obj.stringField != "" {
 		t.Errorf("Expected obj.stringField to be empty")
 	}
 }

 func TestFuzz_SkipPattern(t *testing.T) {
 	obj := &struct {
 		S1    string
 		S2    string
 		XXX_S string
 		S_XXX string
 		In    struct {
 			Str    string
 			XXX_S1 string
 			S2_XXX string
 		}
 	}{}

 	f := New().NilChance(0).SkipFieldsWithPattern(regexp.MustCompile(`^XXX_`))
 	f.Fuzz(obj)

 	tryFuzz(t, f, obj, func() Stages {
 		s := DeclareStages(2)
 		s.Stage(0, obj.S_XXX != "")
 		s.Stage(1, obj.In.S2_XXX != "")
 		if a := obj.XXX_S; a != "" {
 			t.Errorf("XXX_S not skipped, got %v", a)
 		}
 		if a := obj.In.XXX_S1; a != "" {
 			t.Errorf("In.XXX_S not skipped, got %v", a)
 		}
 		return s
 	})
 }

 func TestFuzz_NilChanceZero(t *testing.T) {
 	// This data source for random will result in the following four values
 	// being sampled (the first, 0, being the most interesting case):
 	//   0; 0.8727288671879787; 0.5547307616625858; 0.021885026049502695
 	data := []byte("H0000000\x00")
 	f := NewFromGoFuzz(data).NilChance(0)

 	var fancyStruct struct {
 		A, B, C, D *string
 	}
 	f.Fuzz(&fancyStruct) // None of the pointers should be nil, as NilChance is 0

 	if fancyStruct.A == nil {
 		t.Error("First value in struct was nil")
 	}

 	if fancyStruct.B == nil {
 		t.Error("Second value in struct was nil")
 	}

 	if fancyStruct.C == nil {
 		t.Error("Third value in struct was nil")
 	}

 	if fancyStruct.D == nil {
 		t.Error("Fourth value in struct was nil")
 	}
 }

 type int63mode int

 const (
 	modeRandom int63mode = iota
 	modeFirst
 	modeLast
 )

 type customInt63 struct {
 	mode int63mode
 }

 func (c customInt63) Int63n(n int64) int64 {
 	switch c.mode {
 	case modeFirst:
 		return 0
 	case modeLast:
 		return n - 1
 	default:
 		return rand.Int63n(n)
 	}
 }

 func Test_charRange_choose(t *testing.T) {
 	lowercaseLetters := UnicodeRange{'a', 'z'}

 	t.Run("Picks first", func(t *testing.T) {
 		r := customInt63{mode: modeFirst}
 		letter := lowercaseLetters.choose(r)
 		if letter != 'a' {
 			t.Errorf("Expected a, got %v", letter)
 		}
 	})

 	t.Run("Picks last", func(t *testing.T) {
 		r := customInt63{mode: modeLast}
 		letter := lowercaseLetters.choose(r)
 		if letter != 'z' {
 			t.Errorf("Expected z, got %v", letter)
 		}
 	})
 }

 func Test_UnicodeRange_CustomStringFuzzFunc(t *testing.T) {
 	a2z := "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"

 	unicodeRange := UnicodeRange{'a', 'z'}
 	f := New().Funcs(unicodeRange.CustomStringFuzzFunc())
 	var myString string
 	f.Fuzz(&myString)

 	t.Run("Picks a-z string", func(t *testing.T) {
 		for i := range myString {
 			if !strings.ContainsRune(a2z, rune(myString[i])) {
 				t.Errorf("Expected a-z, got %v", string(myString[i]))
 			}
 		}
 	})
 }

 func Test_UnicodeRange_Check(t *testing.T) {
 	unicodeRange := UnicodeRange{'a', 'z'}

 	unicodeRange.check()
 }

 func Test_UnicodeRanges_CustomStringFuzzFunc(t *testing.T) {
 	a2z0to9 := "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789"

 	unicodeRanges := UnicodeRanges{
 		{'a', 'z'},
 		{'0', '9'},
 	}
 	f := New().Funcs(unicodeRanges.CustomStringFuzzFunc())
 	var myString string
 	f.Fuzz(&myString)

 	t.Run("Picks a-z0-9 string", func(t *testing.T) {
 		for i := range myString {
 			if !strings.ContainsRune(a2z0to9, rune(myString[i])) {
 				t.Errorf("Expected a-z0-9, got %v", string(myString[i]))
 			}
 		}
 	})
 }

 func Test_NoUnserializableTimes(t *testing.T) {
 	var ti time.Time
 	f := New()

 	// This test is technically non-deterministic, however even before the fix it
 	// would pass when the random uint64 used for nanoseconds was less than 1
 	// billion. That is an extremely low false-negative rate but still, we try it
 	// a few times to be really sure it's not passing by accident.
 	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
 		f.Fuzz(&ti)

 		// Attempt to serialize the string to binary
 		_, err := ti.MarshalBinary()
 		if err != nil {
 			// Before the fix this fails consistently (at least in BST timezone) with:
 			//   Time.MarshalBinary: unexpected zone offset
 			t.Fatalf("failed to serialise fuzzed time: %s", err)
 		}
 	}
 }

 // TestFuzzThreadSafety lets the racedetector find races
 func TestFuzzThreadSafety(t *testing.T) {
 	f := New()

 	wg := sync.WaitGroup{}
 	wg.Add(2)

 	go func() { f.Fuzz(&[]string{}); wg.Done() }()
 	go func() { f.Fuzz(&[]string{}); wg.Done() }()
 	wg.Wait()
 }

 func TestNewFromGoFuzz(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()

 	input := []byte{1, 2, 3}

 	var got int64
 	NewFromGoFuzz(input).Fuzz(&got)

 	if want := int64(5563767293437588600); want != got {
 		t.Errorf("Fuzz(%q) = %d, want: %d", input, got, want)
 	}
 }

 func BenchmarkRandBool(b *testing.B) {
 	rs := rand.New(rand.NewSource(123))

 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
 		randBool(rs)
 	}
 }

 func BenchmarkRandString(b *testing.B) {
 	rs := rand.New(rand.NewSource(123))

 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
 		randString(rs)
 	}
 }

 func BenchmarkUnicodeRangeRandString(b *testing.B) {
 	unicodeRange := UnicodeRange{'a', 'z'}

 	rs := rand.New(rand.NewSource(123))

 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
 		unicodeRange.randString(rs)
 	}
 }

 func BenchmarkUnicodeRangesRandString(b *testing.B) {
 	unicodeRanges := UnicodeRanges{
 		{'a', 'z'},
 		{'0', '9'},
 	}

 	rs := rand.New(rand.NewSource(123))

 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
 		unicodeRanges.randString(rs)
 	}
 }
	/*
	Copyright 2014 Google Inc. All rights reserved.

	Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
	you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
	You may obtain a copy of the License at

	http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

	Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
	distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
	WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
	See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
	limitations under the License.
	*/

	package fuzz

	import (
	"fmt"
	"math/rand"
	"reflect"
	"regexp"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"testing"
	"time"
	)

	func TestFuzz_basic(t *testing.T) {
	obj := struct {
	I int
	I8 int8
	I16 int16
	I32 int32
	I64 int64
	U uint
	U8 uint8
	U16 uint16
	U32 uint32
	U64 uint64
	Uptr uintptr
	S string
	B bool
	T time.Time
	C64 complex64
	C128 complex128
	}{}

	tryFuzz(t, New(), &obj, func() Stages {
	s := DeclareStages(16)
	s.Stage(0, obj.I != 0)
	s.Stage(1, obj.I8 != 0)
	s.Stage(2, obj.I16 != 0)
	s.Stage(3, obj.I32 != 0)
	s.Stage(4, obj.I64 != 0)
	s.Stage(5, obj.U != 0)
	s.Stage(6, obj.U8 != 0)
	s.Stage(7, obj.U16 != 0)
	s.Stage(8, obj.U32 != 0)
	s.Stage(9, obj.U64 != 0)
	s.Stage(10, obj.Uptr != 0)
	s.Stage(11, obj.S != "")
	s.Stage(12, obj.B == true)
	s.Stage(13, !obj.T.IsZero())
	s.Stage(14, obj.C64 != 0)
	s.Stage(15, obj.C128 != 0)
	return s
	})
	}

	func TestFuzz_structptr(t *testing.T) {
	obj := struct {
	A *struct {
	S string
	}
	}{}

	f := New().NilChance(.5)
	tryFuzz(t, f, &obj, func() Stages {
	s := DeclareStages(3)
	s.Stage(0, obj.A == nil)
	if s.Stage(1, obj.A != nil) {
	s.Stage(2, obj.A.S != "")
	}
	return s
	})
	}

	// tryFuzz tries fuzzing until check returns passed == true, or up to 100
	// times. Fail if check() never passes, report the highest stage it ever got
	// to.
	func tryFuzz(t *testing.T, f fuzzer, obj interface{}, check func() Stages) {
	t.Helper()
	var s Stages
	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
	f.Fuzz(obj)
	got := check()
	s = s.OrPasses(got)
	if s.AllPassed() {
	return
	}
	}
	t.Errorf("Not all stages passed:\n%s", s)
	}

	// Stages tracks pass/fail for up to 63 stages
	type Stages struct {
	mask uint64
	passed uint64
	failed uint64
	}

	func DeclareStages(N uint) Stages {
	if N >= 63 {
	panic("the math below only works up to 63")
	}
	return Stages{
	// Exercise for the reader: make this work for all 64 bits.
	mask: (uint64(1) << N) - 1,
	}
	}

	func (s Stages) String() string {
	explain := map[uint64]string{
	0: "never passed",
	1: "passed",
	}
	var parts []string
	for u := uint(0); s.mask != 0; u++ {
	parts = append(parts, fmt.Sprintf("stage %v: %v", u, explain[s.passed&1]))
	s.mask >>= 1
	s.passed >>= 1
	}
	return strings.Join(parts, "\n")
	}

	func (s Stages) OrPasses(s2 Stages) Stages {
	if s.mask == 0 {
	// Allow accumulating without knowing the number of stages in
	// advance
	s.mask = s2.mask
	}
	if s.mask != s2.mask {
	panic("coding error, stages are differently typed")
	}
	s.passed \|= (s2.passed & ^s2.failed)
	return s
	}

	func (s Stages) AllPassed() bool {
	return (s.passed & ^s.failed) == s.mask
	}

	// Stage records pass/fail for stage n, and returns `pass` so it can be used to
	// do conditional stages in an `if` statement. If called multiple times for
	// the same stage, every call for that stage must pass.
	//
	// Don't use Stage for things where seeing a failure once should fail the whole
	// test regardless of retries.
	func (s *Stages) Stage(n uint, pass bool) bool {
	if pass {
	s.passed \|= 1 << n
	if s.passed > s.mask {
	panic("passed a stage that wasn't declared?")
	}
	} else {
	s.failed \|= 1 << n
	if s.failed > s.mask {
	panic("passed a stage that wasn't declared?")
	}
	}
	return pass
	}

	type fuzzer interface {
	Fuzz(obj interface{})
	}

	func TestFuzz_structmap(t *testing.T) {
	obj := &struct {
	A map[struct {
	S string
	}]struct {
	S2 string
	}
	B map[string]string
	}{}

	tryFuzz(t, New(), obj, func() Stages {
	s := DeclareStages(8)
	s.Stage(0, obj.A != nil)
	s.Stage(1, len(obj.A) != 0)
	for k, v := range obj.A {
	s.Stage(2, k.S != "")
	s.Stage(3, v.S2 != "")
	}

	s.Stage(4, obj.B != nil)
	s.Stage(5, len(obj.B) != 0)
	for k, v := range obj.B {
	s.Stage(6, k != "")
	s.Stage(7, v != "")
	}
	return s
	})
	}

	func TestFuzz_structslice(t *testing.T) {
	obj := &struct {
	A []struct {
	S string
	}
	B []string
	}{}

	tryFuzz(t, New(), obj, func() Stages {
	s := DeclareStages(6)
	s.Stage(0, obj.A != nil)
	s.Stage(1, len(obj.A) != 0)
	for _, v := range obj.A {
	s.Stage(2, v.S != "")
	}

	s.Stage(3, obj.B != nil)
	s.Stage(4, len(obj.B) != 0)
	for _, v := range obj.B {
	s.Stage(5, v != "")
	}
	return s
	})
	}

	func TestFuzz_structarray(t *testing.T) {
	obj := &struct {
	A [3]struct {
	S string
	}
	B [2]int
	}{}

	tryFuzz(t, New(), obj, func() Stages {
	s := DeclareStages(2)
	for _, v := range obj.A {
	s.Stage(0, v.S != "")
	}

	for _, v := range obj.B {
	s.Stage(1, v != 0)
	}
	return s
	})
	}

	func TestFuzz_custom(t *testing.T) {
	obj := &struct {
	A string
	B *string
	C map[string]string
	D *map[string]string
	}{}

	testPhrase := "gotcalled"
	testMap := map[string]string{"C": "D"}
	f := New().Funcs(
	func(s *string, c Continue) {
	*s = testPhrase
	},
	func(m map[string]string, c Continue) {
	m["C"] = "D"
	},
	)

	tryFuzz(t, f, obj, func() Stages {
	s := DeclareStages(6)
	s.Stage(0, obj.A == testPhrase)
	if s.Stage(1, obj.B != nil) {
	s.Stage(2, *obj.B == testPhrase)
	}
	s.Stage(3, reflect.DeepEqual(testMap, obj.C))
	if s.Stage(4, obj.D != nil) {
	s.Stage(5, reflect.DeepEqual(testMap, *obj.D))
	}
	return s
	})
	}

	type SelfFuzzer string

	// Implement fuzz.Interface.
	func (sf *SelfFuzzer) Fuzz(c Continue) {
	*sf = selfFuzzerTestPhrase
	}

	const selfFuzzerTestPhrase = "was fuzzed"

	func TestFuzz_interface(t *testing.T) {
	f := New()

	var obj1 SelfFuzzer
	tryFuzz(t, f, &obj1, func() Stages {
	s := DeclareStages(1)
	s.Stage(0, obj1 == selfFuzzerTestPhrase)
	return s
	})

	var obj2 map[int]SelfFuzzer
	tryFuzz(t, f, &obj2, func() Stages {
	s := DeclareStages(1)
	for _, v := range obj2 {
	s.Stage(0, v == selfFuzzerTestPhrase)
	}
	return s
	})
	}

	func TestFuzz_interfaceAndFunc(t *testing.T) {
	const privateTestPhrase = "private phrase"
	f := New().Funcs(
	// This should take precedence over SelfFuzzer.Fuzz().
	func(s *SelfFuzzer, c Continue) {
	*s = privateTestPhrase
	},
	)

	var obj1 SelfFuzzer
	tryFuzz(t, f, &obj1, func() Stages {
	s := DeclareStages(1)
	s.Stage(0, obj1 == privateTestPhrase)
	return s
	})

	var obj2 map[int]SelfFuzzer
	tryFuzz(t, f, &obj2, func() Stages {
	s := DeclareStages(1)
	for _, v := range obj2 {
	s.Stage(0, v == privateTestPhrase)
	}
	return s
	})
	}

	func TestFuzz_noCustom(t *testing.T) {
	type Inner struct {
	Str string
	}
	type Outer struct {
	Str string
	In Inner
	}

	testPhrase := "gotcalled"
	f := New().Funcs(
	func(outer *Outer, c Continue) {
	outer.Str = testPhrase
	c.Fuzz(&outer.In)
	},
	func(inner *Inner, c Continue) {
	inner.Str = testPhrase
	},
	)
	c := Continue{fc: &fuzzerContext{fuzzer: f}, Rand: f.r}

	// Fuzzer.Fuzz()
	obj1 := Outer{}
	f.Fuzz(&obj1)
	if obj1.Str != testPhrase {
	t.Errorf("expected Outer custom function to have been called")
	}
	if obj1.In.Str != testPhrase {
	t.Errorf("expected Inner custom function to have been called")
	}

	// Continue.Fuzz()
	obj2 := Outer{}
	c.Fuzz(&obj2)
	if obj2.Str != testPhrase {
	t.Errorf("expected Outer custom function to have been called")
	}
	if obj2.In.Str != testPhrase {
	t.Errorf("expected Inner custom function to have been called")
	}

	// Fuzzer.FuzzNoCustom()
	obj3 := Outer{}
	f.FuzzNoCustom(&obj3)
	if obj3.Str == testPhrase {
	t.Errorf("expected Outer custom function to not have been called")
	}
	if obj3.In.Str != testPhrase {
	t.Errorf("expected Inner custom function to have been called")
	}

	// Continue.FuzzNoCustom()
	obj4 := Outer{}
	c.FuzzNoCustom(&obj4)
	if obj4.Str == testPhrase {
	t.Errorf("expected Outer custom function to not have been called")
	}
	if obj4.In.Str != testPhrase {
	t.Errorf("expected Inner custom function to have been called")
	}
	}

	func TestContinue_Fuzz_WithReflectValue(t *testing.T) {
	type obj struct {
	Str string
	}

	f := New()
	c := Continue{fc: &fuzzerContext{fuzzer: f}, Rand: f.r}

	o := obj{}
	v := reflect.ValueOf(&o)

	tryFuzz(t, c, v, func() Stages {
	s := DeclareStages(1)
	s.Stage(0, o.Str != "")
	return s
	})
	}

	func TestFuzz_NumElements(t *testing.T) {
	f := New().NilChance(0).NumElements(0, 1)
	obj := &struct {
	A []int
	}{}

	tryFuzz(t, f, obj, func() Stages {
	s := DeclareStages(3)
	s.Stage(0, obj.A != nil)
	s.Stage(1, len(obj.A) == 0)
	s.Stage(2, len(obj.A) == 1)

	if len(obj.A) > 1 {
	t.Errorf("we should never see more than 1 element, saw %v", len(obj.A))
	}
	return s
	})
	}

	func TestFuzz_Maxdepth(t *testing.T) {
	type S struct {
	S *S
	}

	f := New().NilChance(0)

	f.MaxDepth(1)
	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
	obj := S{}
	f.Fuzz(&obj)

	if obj.S != nil {
	t.Errorf("Expected nil")
	}
	}

	f.MaxDepth(3) // field, ptr
	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
	obj := S{}
	f.Fuzz(&obj)

	if obj.S == nil {
	t.Errorf("Expected obj.S not nil")
	} else if obj.S.S != nil {
	t.Errorf("Expected obj.S.S nil")
	}
	}

	f.MaxDepth(5) // field, ptr, field, ptr
	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
	obj := S{}
	f.Fuzz(&obj)

	if obj.S == nil {
	t.Errorf("Expected obj.S not nil")
	} else if obj.S.S == nil {
	t.Errorf("Expected obj.S.S not nil")
	} else if obj.S.S.S != nil {
	t.Errorf("Expected obj.S.S.S nil")
	}
	}
	}

	func TestFuzzer_AllowUnexportedFields(t *testing.T) {
	type S struct {
	stringField string
	}

	f := New().NilChance(0)

	obj := S{}
	f.Fuzz(&obj)
	if obj.stringField != "" {
	t.Errorf("Expected obj.stringField to be empty")
	}

	f.AllowUnexportedFields(true)
	obj = S{}
	f.Fuzz(&obj)
	if obj.stringField == "" {
	t.Errorf("Expected stringFiled not empty")
	}

	f.AllowUnexportedFields(false)
	obj = S{}
	f.Fuzz(&obj)
	if obj.stringField != "" {
	t.Errorf("Expected obj.stringField to be empty")
	}
	}

	func TestFuzz_SkipPattern(t *testing.T) {
	obj := &struct {
	S1 string
	S2 string
	XXX_S string
	S_XXX string
	In struct {
	Str string
	XXX_S1 string
	S2_XXX string
	}
	}{}

	f := New().NilChance(0).SkipFieldsWithPattern(regexp.MustCompile(`^XXX_`))
	f.Fuzz(obj)

	tryFuzz(t, f, obj, func() Stages {
	s := DeclareStages(2)
	s.Stage(0, obj.S_XXX != "")
	s.Stage(1, obj.In.S2_XXX != "")
	if a := obj.XXX_S; a != "" {
	t.Errorf("XXX_S not skipped, got %v", a)
	}
	if a := obj.In.XXX_S1; a != "" {
	t.Errorf("In.XXX_S not skipped, got %v", a)
	}
	return s
	})
	}

	func TestFuzz_NilChanceZero(t *testing.T) {
	// This data source for random will result in the following four values
	// being sampled (the first, 0, being the most interesting case):
	// 0; 0.8727288671879787; 0.5547307616625858; 0.021885026049502695
	data := []byte("H0000000\x00")
	f := NewFromGoFuzz(data).NilChance(0)

	var fancyStruct struct {
	A, B, C, D *string
	}
	f.Fuzz(&fancyStruct) // None of the pointers should be nil, as NilChance is 0

	if fancyStruct.A == nil {
	t.Error("First value in struct was nil")
	}

	if fancyStruct.B == nil {
	t.Error("Second value in struct was nil")
	}

	if fancyStruct.C == nil {
	t.Error("Third value in struct was nil")
	}

	if fancyStruct.D == nil {
	t.Error("Fourth value in struct was nil")
	}
	}

	type int63mode int

	const (
	modeRandom int63mode = iota
	modeFirst
	modeLast
	)

	type customInt63 struct {
	mode int63mode
	}

	func (c customInt63) Int63n(n int64) int64 {
	switch c.mode {
	case modeFirst:
	return 0
	case modeLast:
	return n - 1
	default:
	return rand.Int63n(n)
	}
	}

	func Test_charRange_choose(t *testing.T) {
	lowercaseLetters := UnicodeRange{'a', 'z'}

	t.Run("Picks first", func(t *testing.T) {
	r := customInt63{mode: modeFirst}
	letter := lowercaseLetters.choose(r)
	if letter != 'a' {
	t.Errorf("Expected a, got %v", letter)
	}
	})

	t.Run("Picks last", func(t *testing.T) {
	r := customInt63{mode: modeLast}
	letter := lowercaseLetters.choose(r)
	if letter != 'z' {
	t.Errorf("Expected z, got %v", letter)
	}
	})
	}

	func Test_UnicodeRange_CustomStringFuzzFunc(t *testing.T) {
	a2z := "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"

	unicodeRange := UnicodeRange{'a', 'z'}
	f := New().Funcs(unicodeRange.CustomStringFuzzFunc())
	var myString string
	f.Fuzz(&myString)

	t.Run("Picks a-z string", func(t *testing.T) {
	for i := range myString {
	if !strings.ContainsRune(a2z, rune(myString[i])) {
	t.Errorf("Expected a-z, got %v", string(myString[i]))
	}
	}
	})
	}

	func Test_UnicodeRange_Check(t *testing.T) {
	unicodeRange := UnicodeRange{'a', 'z'}

	unicodeRange.check()
	}

	func Test_UnicodeRanges_CustomStringFuzzFunc(t *testing.T) {
	a2z0to9 := "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789"

	unicodeRanges := UnicodeRanges{
	{'a', 'z'},
	{'0', '9'},
	}
	f := New().Funcs(unicodeRanges.CustomStringFuzzFunc())
	var myString string
	f.Fuzz(&myString)

	t.Run("Picks a-z0-9 string", func(t *testing.T) {
	for i := range myString {
	if !strings.ContainsRune(a2z0to9, rune(myString[i])) {
	t.Errorf("Expected a-z0-9, got %v", string(myString[i]))
	}
	}
	})
	}

	func Test_NoUnserializableTimes(t *testing.T) {
	var ti time.Time
	f := New()

	// This test is technically non-deterministic, however even before the fix it
	// would pass when the random uint64 used for nanoseconds was less than 1
	// billion. That is an extremely low false-negative rate but still, we try it
	// a few times to be really sure it's not passing by accident.
	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
	f.Fuzz(&ti)

	// Attempt to serialize the string to binary
	_, err := ti.MarshalBinary()
	if err != nil {
	// Before the fix this fails consistently (at least in BST timezone) with:
	// Time.MarshalBinary: unexpected zone offset
	t.Fatalf("failed to serialise fuzzed time: %s", err)
	}
	}
	}

	// TestFuzzThreadSafety lets the racedetector find races
	func TestFuzzThreadSafety(t *testing.T) {
	f := New()

	wg := sync.WaitGroup{}
	wg.Add(2)

	go func() { f.Fuzz(&[]string{}); wg.Done() }()
	go func() { f.Fuzz(&[]string{}); wg.Done() }()
	wg.Wait()
	}

	func TestNewFromGoFuzz(t *testing.T) {
	t.Parallel()

	input := []byte{1, 2, 3}

	var got int64
	NewFromGoFuzz(input).Fuzz(&got)

	if want := int64(5563767293437588600); want != got {
	t.Errorf("Fuzz(%q) = %d, want: %d", input, got, want)
	}
	}

	func BenchmarkRandBool(b *testing.B) {
	rs := rand.New(rand.NewSource(123))

	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
	randBool(rs)
	}
	}

	func BenchmarkRandString(b *testing.B) {
	rs := rand.New(rand.NewSource(123))

	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
	randString(rs)
	}
	}

	func BenchmarkUnicodeRangeRandString(b *testing.B) {
	unicodeRange := UnicodeRange{'a', 'z'}

	rs := rand.New(rand.NewSource(123))

	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
	unicodeRange.randString(rs)
	}
	}

	func BenchmarkUnicodeRangesRandString(b *testing.B) {
	unicodeRanges := UnicodeRanges{
	{'a', 'z'},
	{'0', '9'},
	}

	rs := rand.New(rand.NewSource(123))

	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
	unicodeRanges.randString(rs)
	}
	}