Google Git
Sign in
chromium / external / msysgit / msysgit / refs/tags/Git-1.9.4-preview20140611 / . / mingw / info / gdb.info-1
blob: d5a6a6adb75c57fa4255886e3040e7dc3535db87 [file] [log] [blame]
This is gdb.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.8 from
../.././gdb/doc/gdb.texinfo.
INFO-DIR-SECTION Software development
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Gdb: (gdb). The GNU debugger.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
This file documents the GNU debugger GDB.
This is the Ninth Edition, of `Debugging with GDB: the GNU
Source-Level Debugger' for GDB Version 6.8.
Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996,
1998,
1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006
Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
Invariant Sections being "Free Software" and "Free Software Needs Free
Documentation", with the Front-Cover Texts being "A GNU Manual," and
with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below.
(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You are free to copy and modify
this GNU Manual. Buying copies from GNU Press supports the FSF in
developing GNU and promoting software freedom."

File: gdb.info, Node: Top, Next: Summary, Prev: (dir), Up: (dir)
Debugging with GDB
******************
This file describes GDB, the GNU symbolic debugger.
This is the Ninth Edition, for GDB Version 6.8.
Copyright (C) 1988-2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This edition of the GDB manual is dedicated to the memory of Fred
Fish. Fred was a long-standing contributor to GDB and to Free software
in general. We will miss him.
* Menu:
* Summary:: Summary of GDB
* Sample Session:: A sample GDB session
* Invocation:: Getting in and out of GDB
* Commands:: GDB commands
* Running:: Running programs under GDB
* Stopping:: Stopping and continuing
* Stack:: Examining the stack
* Source:: Examining source files
* Data:: Examining data
* Macros:: Preprocessor Macros
* Tracepoints:: Debugging remote targets non-intrusively
* Overlays:: Debugging programs that use overlays
* Languages:: Using GDB with different languages
* Symbols:: Examining the symbol table
* Altering:: Altering execution
* GDB Files:: GDB files
* Targets:: Specifying a debugging target
* Remote Debugging:: Debugging remote programs
* Configurations:: Configuration-specific information
* Controlling GDB:: Controlling GDB
* Sequences:: Canned sequences of commands
* Interpreters:: Command Interpreters
* TUI:: GDB Text User Interface
* Emacs:: Using GDB under GNU Emacs
* GDB/MI:: GDB's Machine Interface.
* Annotations:: GDB's annotation interface.
* GDB Bugs:: Reporting bugs in GDB
* Command Line Editing:: Command Line Editing
* Using History Interactively:: Using History Interactively
* Formatting Documentation:: How to format and print GDB documentation
* Installing GDB:: Installing GDB
* Maintenance Commands:: Maintenance Commands
* Remote Protocol:: GDB Remote Serial Protocol
* Agent Expressions:: The GDB Agent Expression Mechanism
* Target Descriptions:: How targets can describe themselves to
GDB
* Copying:: GNU General Public License says
how you can copy and share GDB
* GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation
* Index:: Index

File: gdb.info, Node: Summary, Next: Sample Session, Prev: Top, Up: Top
Summary of GDB
**************
The purpose of a debugger such as GDB is to allow you to see what is
going on "inside" another program while it executes--or what another
program was doing at the moment it crashed.
GDB can do four main kinds of things (plus other things in support of
these) to help you catch bugs in the act:
* Start your program, specifying anything that might affect its
behavior.
* Make your program stop on specified conditions.
* Examine what has happened, when your program has stopped.
* Change things in your program, so you can experiment with
correcting the effects of one bug and go on to learn about another.
You can use GDB to debug programs written in C and C++. For more
information, see *Note Supported Languages: Supported Languages. For
more information, see *Note C and C++: C.
Support for Modula-2 is partial. For information on Modula-2, see
*Note Modula-2: Modula-2.
Debugging Pascal programs which use sets, subranges, file variables,
or nested functions does not currently work. GDB does not support
entering expressions, printing values, or similar features using Pascal
syntax.
GDB can be used to debug programs written in Fortran, although it
may be necessary to refer to some variables with a trailing underscore.
GDB can be used to debug programs written in Objective-C, using
either the Apple/NeXT or the GNU Objective-C runtime.
* Menu:
* Free Software:: Freely redistributable software
* Contributors:: Contributors to GDB

File: gdb.info, Node: Free Software, Next: Contributors, Up: Summary
Free Software
=============
GDB is "free software", protected by the GNU General Public License
(GPL). The GPL gives you the freedom to copy or adapt a licensed
program--but every person getting a copy also gets with it the freedom
to modify that copy (which means that they must get access to the
source code), and the freedom to distribute further copies. Typical
software companies use copyrights to limit your freedoms; the Free
Software Foundation uses the GPL to preserve these freedoms.
Fundamentally, the General Public License is a license which says
that you have these freedoms and that you cannot take these freedoms
away from anyone else.
Free Software Needs Free Documentation
======================================
The biggest deficiency in the free software community today is not in
the software--it is the lack of good free documentation that we can
include with the free software. Many of our most important programs do
not come with free reference manuals and free introductory texts.
Documentation is an essential part of any software package; when an
important free software package does not come with a free manual and a
free tutorial, that is a major gap. We have many such gaps today.
Consider Perl, for instance. The tutorial manuals that people
normally use are non-free. How did this come about? Because the
authors of those manuals published them with restrictive terms--no
copying, no modification, source files not available--which exclude
them from the free software world.
That wasn't the first time this sort of thing happened, and it was
far from the last. Many times we have heard a GNU user eagerly
describe a manual that he is writing, his intended contribution to the
community, only to learn that he had ruined everything by signing a
publication contract to make it non-free.
Free documentation, like free software, is a matter of freedom, not
price. The problem with the non-free manual is not that publishers
charge a price for printed copies--that in itself is fine. (The Free
Software Foundation sells printed copies of manuals, too.) The problem
is the restrictions on the use of the manual. Free manuals are
available in source code form, and give you permission to copy and
modify. Non-free manuals do not allow this.
The criteria of freedom for a free manual are roughly the same as for
free software. Redistribution (including the normal kinds of
commercial redistribution) must be permitted, so that the manual can
accompany every copy of the program, both on-line and on paper.
Permission for modification of the technical content is crucial too.
When people modify the software, adding or changing features, if they
are conscientious they will change the manual too--so they can provide
accurate and clear documentation for the modified program. A manual
that leaves you no choice but to write a new manual to document a
changed version of the program is not really available to our community.
Some kinds of limits on the way modification is handled are
acceptable. For example, requirements to preserve the original
author's copyright notice, the distribution terms, or the list of
authors, are ok. It is also no problem to require modified versions to
include notice that they were modified. Even entire sections that may
not be deleted or changed are acceptable, as long as they deal with
nontechnical topics (like this one). These kinds of restrictions are
acceptable because they don't obstruct the community's normal use of
the manual.
However, it must be possible to modify all the _technical_ content
of the manual, and then distribute the result in all the usual media,
through all the usual channels. Otherwise, the restrictions obstruct
the use of the manual, it is not free, and we need another manual to
replace it.
Please spread the word about this issue. Our community continues to
lose manuals to proprietary publishing. If we spread the word that
free software needs free reference manuals and free tutorials, perhaps
the next person who wants to contribute by writing documentation will
realize, before it is too late, that only free manuals contribute to
the free software community.
If you are writing documentation, please insist on publishing it
under the GNU Free Documentation License or another free documentation
license. Remember that this decision requires your approval--you don't
have to let the publisher decide. Some commercial publishers will use
a free license if you insist, but they will not propose the option; it
is up to you to raise the issue and say firmly that this is what you
want. If the publisher you are dealing with refuses, please try other
publishers. If you're not sure whether a proposed license is free,
write to <licensing@gnu.org>.
You can encourage commercial publishers to sell more free, copylefted
manuals and tutorials by buying them, and particularly by buying copies
from the publishers that paid for their writing or for major
improvements. Meanwhile, try to avoid buying non-free documentation at
all. Check the distribution terms of a manual before you buy it, and
insist that whoever seeks your business must respect your freedom.
Check the history of the book, and try to reward the publishers that
have paid or pay the authors to work on it.
The Free Software Foundation maintains a list of free documentation
published by other publishers, at
`http://www.fsf.org/doc/other-free-books.html'.

File: gdb.info, Node: Contributors, Prev: Free Software, Up: Summary
Contributors to GDB
===================
Richard Stallman was the original author of GDB, and of many other GNU
programs. Many others have contributed to its development. This
section attempts to credit major contributors. One of the virtues of
free software is that everyone is free to contribute to it; with
regret, we cannot actually acknowledge everyone here. The file
`ChangeLog' in the GDB distribution approximates a blow-by-blow account.
Changes much prior to version 2.0 are lost in the mists of time.
_Plea:_ Additions to this section are particularly welcome. If you
or your friends (or enemies, to be evenhanded) have been unfairly
omitted from this list, we would like to add your names!
So that they may not regard their many labors as thankless, we
particularly thank those who shepherded GDB through major releases:
Andrew Cagney (releases 6.3, 6.2, 6.1, 6.0, 5.3, 5.2, 5.1 and 5.0); Jim
Blandy (release 4.18); Jason Molenda (release 4.17); Stan Shebs
(release 4.14); Fred Fish (releases 4.16, 4.15, 4.13, 4.12, 4.11, 4.10,
and 4.9); Stu Grossman and John Gilmore (releases 4.8, 4.7, 4.6, 4.5,
and 4.4); John Gilmore (releases 4.3, 4.2, 4.1, 4.0, and 3.9); Jim
Kingdon (releases 3.5, 3.4, and 3.3); and Randy Smith (releases 3.2,
3.1, and 3.0).
Richard Stallman, assisted at various times by Peter TerMaat, Chris
Hanson, and Richard Mlynarik, handled releases through 2.8.
Michael Tiemann is the author of most of the GNU C++ support in GDB,
with significant additional contributions from Per Bothner and Daniel
Berlin. James Clark wrote the GNU C++ demangler. Early work on C++
was by Peter TerMaat (who also did much general update work leading to
release 3.0).
GDB uses the BFD subroutine library to examine multiple object-file
formats; BFD was a joint project of David V. Henkel-Wallace, Rich
Pixley, Steve Chamberlain, and John Gilmore.
David Johnson wrote the original COFF support; Pace Willison did the
original support for encapsulated COFF.
Brent Benson of Harris Computer Systems contributed DWARF 2 support.
Adam de Boor and Bradley Davis contributed the ISI Optimum V support.
Per Bothner, Noboyuki Hikichi, and Alessandro Forin contributed MIPS
support. Jean-Daniel Fekete contributed Sun 386i support. Chris
Hanson improved the HP9000 support. Noboyuki Hikichi and Tomoyuki
Hasei contributed Sony/News OS 3 support. David Johnson contributed
Encore Umax support. Jyrki Kuoppala contributed Altos 3068 support.
Jeff Law contributed HP PA and SOM support. Keith Packard contributed
NS32K support. Doug Rabson contributed Acorn Risc Machine support.
Bob Rusk contributed Harris Nighthawk CX-UX support. Chris Smith
contributed Convex support (and Fortran debugging). Jonathan Stone
contributed Pyramid support. Michael Tiemann contributed SPARC support.
Tim Tucker contributed support for the Gould NP1 and Gould Powernode.
Pace Willison contributed Intel 386 support. Jay Vosburgh contributed
Symmetry support. Marko Mlinar contributed OpenRISC 1000 support.
Andreas Schwab contributed M68K GNU/Linux support.
Rich Schaefer and Peter Schauer helped with support of SunOS shared
libraries.
Jay Fenlason and Roland McGrath ensured that GDB and GAS agree about
several machine instruction sets.
Patrick Duval, Ted Goldstein, Vikram Koka and Glenn Engel helped
develop remote debugging. Intel Corporation, Wind River Systems, AMD,
and ARM contributed remote debugging modules for the i960, VxWorks,
A29K UDI, and RDI targets, respectively.
Brian Fox is the author of the readline libraries providing
command-line editing and command history.
Andrew Beers of SUNY Buffalo wrote the language-switching code, the
Modula-2 support, and contributed the Languages chapter of this manual.
Fred Fish wrote most of the support for Unix System Vr4. He also
enhanced the command-completion support to cover C++ overloaded symbols.
Hitachi America (now Renesas America), Ltd. sponsored the support for
H8/300, H8/500, and Super-H processors.
NEC sponsored the support for the v850, Vr4xxx, and Vr5xxx
processors.
Mitsubishi (now Renesas) sponsored the support for D10V, D30V, and
M32R/D processors.
Toshiba sponsored the support for the TX39 Mips processor.
Matsushita sponsored the support for the MN10200 and MN10300
processors.
Fujitsu sponsored the support for SPARClite and FR30 processors.
Kung Hsu, Jeff Law, and Rick Sladkey added support for hardware
watchpoints.
Michael Snyder added support for tracepoints.
Stu Grossman wrote gdbserver.
Jim Kingdon, Peter Schauer, Ian Taylor, and Stu Grossman made nearly
innumerable bug fixes and cleanups throughout GDB.
The following people at the Hewlett-Packard Company contributed
support for the PA-RISC 2.0 architecture, HP-UX 10.20, 10.30, and 11.0
(narrow mode), HP's implementation of kernel threads, HP's aC++
compiler, and the Text User Interface (nee Terminal User Interface):
Ben Krepp, Richard Title, John Bishop, Susan Macchia, Kathy Mann,
Satish Pai, India Paul, Steve Rehrauer, and Elena Zannoni. Kim Haase
provided HP-specific information in this manual.
DJ Delorie ported GDB to MS-DOS, for the DJGPP project. Robert
Hoehne made significant contributions to the DJGPP port.
Cygnus Solutions has sponsored GDB maintenance and much of its
development since 1991. Cygnus engineers who have worked on GDB
fulltime include Mark Alexander, Jim Blandy, Per Bothner, Kevin
Buettner, Edith Epstein, Chris Faylor, Fred Fish, Martin Hunt, Jim
Ingham, John Gilmore, Stu Grossman, Kung Hsu, Jim Kingdon, John Metzler,
Fernando Nasser, Geoffrey Noer, Dawn Perchik, Rich Pixley, Zdenek
Radouch, Keith Seitz, Stan Shebs, David Taylor, and Elena Zannoni. In
addition, Dave Brolley, Ian Carmichael, Steve Chamberlain, Nick Clifton,
JT Conklin, Stan Cox, DJ Delorie, Ulrich Drepper, Frank Eigler, Doug
Evans, Sean Fagan, David Henkel-Wallace, Richard Henderson, Jeff
Holcomb, Jeff Law, Jim Lemke, Tom Lord, Bob Manson, Michael Meissner,
Jason Merrill, Catherine Moore, Drew Moseley, Ken Raeburn, Gavin
Romig-Koch, Rob Savoye, Jamie Smith, Mike Stump, Ian Taylor, Angela
Thomas, Michael Tiemann, Tom Tromey, Ron Unrau, Jim Wilson, and David
Zuhn have made contributions both large and small.
Andrew Cagney, Fernando Nasser, and Elena Zannoni, while working for
Cygnus Solutions, implemented the original GDB/MI interface.
Jim Blandy added support for preprocessor macros, while working for
Red Hat.
Andrew Cagney designed GDB's architecture vector. Many people
including Andrew Cagney, Stephane Carrez, Randolph Chung, Nick Duffek,
Richard Henderson, Mark Kettenis, Grace Sainsbury, Kei Sakamoto,
Yoshinori Sato, Michael Snyder, Andreas Schwab, Jason Thorpe, Corinna
Vinschen, Ulrich Weigand, and Elena Zannoni, helped with the migration
of old architectures to this new framework.
Andrew Cagney completely re-designed and re-implemented GDB's
unwinder framework, this consisting of a fresh new design featuring
frame IDs, independent frame sniffers, and the sentinel frame. Mark
Kettenis implemented the DWARF 2 unwinder, Jeff Johnston the libunwind
unwinder, and Andrew Cagney the dummy, sentinel, tramp, and trad
unwinders. The architecture-specific changes, each involving a
complete rewrite of the architecture's frame code, were carried out by
Jim Blandy, Joel Brobecker, Kevin Buettner, Andrew Cagney, Stephane
Carrez, Randolph Chung, Orjan Friberg, Richard Henderson, Daniel
Jacobowitz, Jeff Johnston, Mark Kettenis, Theodore A. Roth, Kei
Sakamoto, Yoshinori Sato, Michael Snyder, Corinna Vinschen, and Ulrich
Weigand.
Christian Zankel, Ross Morley, Bob Wilson, and Maxim Grigoriev from
Tensilica, Inc. contributed support for Xtensa processors. Others who
have worked on the Xtensa port of GDB in the past include Steve Tjiang,
John Newlin, and Scott Foehner.

File: gdb.info, Node: Sample Session, Next: Invocation, Prev: Summary, Up: Top
1 A Sample GDB Session
**********************
You can use this manual at your leisure to read all about GDB.
However, a handful of commands are enough to get started using the
debugger. This chapter illustrates those commands.
One of the preliminary versions of GNU `m4' (a generic macro
processor) exhibits the following bug: sometimes, when we change its
quote strings from the default, the commands used to capture one macro
definition within another stop working. In the following short `m4'
session, we define a macro `foo' which expands to `0000'; we then use
the `m4' built-in `defn' to define `bar' as the same thing. However,
when we change the open quote string to `<QUOTE>' and the close quote
string to `<UNQUOTE>', the same procedure fails to define a new synonym
`baz':
$ cd gnu/m4
$ ./m4
define(foo,0000)
foo
0000
define(bar,defn(`foo'))
bar
0000
changequote(<QUOTE>,<UNQUOTE>)
define(baz,defn(<QUOTE>foo<UNQUOTE>))
baz
Ctrl-d
m4: End of input: 0: fatal error: EOF in string
Let us use GDB to try to see what is going on.
$ gdb m4
GDB is free software and you are welcome to distribute copies
of it under certain conditions; type "show copying" to see
the conditions.
There is absolutely no warranty for GDB; type "show warranty"
for details.
GDB 6.8, Copyright 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc...
(gdb)
GDB reads only enough symbol data to know where to find the rest when
needed; as a result, the first prompt comes up very quickly. We now
tell GDB to use a narrower display width than usual, so that examples
fit in this manual.
(gdb) set width 70
We need to see how the `m4' built-in `changequote' works. Having
looked at the source, we know the relevant subroutine is
`m4_changequote', so we set a breakpoint there with the GDB `break'
command.
(gdb) break m4_changequote
Breakpoint 1 at 0x62f4: file builtin.c, line 879.
Using the `run' command, we start `m4' running under GDB control; as
long as control does not reach the `m4_changequote' subroutine, the
program runs as usual:
(gdb) run
Starting program: /work/Editorial/gdb/gnu/m4/m4
define(foo,0000)
foo
0000
To trigger the breakpoint, we call `changequote'. GDB suspends
execution of `m4', displaying information about the context where it
stops.
changequote(<QUOTE>,<UNQUOTE>)
Breakpoint 1, m4_changequote (argc=3, argv=0x33c70)
at builtin.c:879
879 if (bad_argc(TOKEN_DATA_TEXT(argv[0]),argc,1,3))
Now we use the command `n' (`next') to advance execution to the next
line of the current function.
(gdb) n
882 set_quotes((argc >= 2) ? TOKEN_DATA_TEXT(argv[1])\
: nil,
`set_quotes' looks like a promising subroutine. We can go into it by
using the command `s' (`step') instead of `next'. `step' goes to the
next line to be executed in _any_ subroutine, so it steps into
`set_quotes'.
(gdb) s
set_quotes (lq=0x34c78 "<QUOTE>", rq=0x34c88 "<UNQUOTE>")
at input.c:530
530 if (lquote != def_lquote)
The display that shows the subroutine where `m4' is now suspended (and
its arguments) is called a stack frame display. It shows a summary of
the stack. We can use the `backtrace' command (which can also be
spelled `bt'), to see where we are in the stack as a whole: the
`backtrace' command displays a stack frame for each active subroutine.
(gdb) bt
#0 set_quotes (lq=0x34c78 "<QUOTE>", rq=0x34c88 "<UNQUOTE>")
at input.c:530
#1 0x6344 in m4_changequote (argc=3, argv=0x33c70)
at builtin.c:882
#2 0x8174 in expand_macro (sym=0x33320) at macro.c:242
#3 0x7a88 in expand_token (obs=0x0, t=209696, td=0xf7fffa30)
at macro.c:71
#4 0x79dc in expand_input () at macro.c:40
#5 0x2930 in main (argc=0, argv=0xf7fffb20) at m4.c:195
We step through a few more lines to see what happens. The first two
times, we can use `s'; the next two times we use `n' to avoid falling
into the `xstrdup' subroutine.
(gdb) s
0x3b5c 532 if (rquote != def_rquote)
(gdb) s
0x3b80 535 lquote = (lq == nil || *lq == '\0') ? \
def_lquote : xstrdup(lq);
(gdb) n
536 rquote = (rq == nil || *rq == '\0') ? def_rquote\
: xstrdup(rq);
(gdb) n
538 len_lquote = strlen(rquote);
The last line displayed looks a little odd; we can examine the variables
`lquote' and `rquote' to see if they are in fact the new left and right
quotes we specified. We use the command `p' (`print') to see their
values.
(gdb) p lquote
$1 = 0x35d40 "<QUOTE>"
(gdb) p rquote
$2 = 0x35d50 "<UNQUOTE>"
`lquote' and `rquote' are indeed the new left and right quotes. To
look at some context, we can display ten lines of source surrounding
the current line with the `l' (`list') command.
(gdb) l
533 xfree(rquote);
534
535 lquote = (lq == nil || *lq == '\0') ? def_lquote\
: xstrdup (lq);
536 rquote = (rq == nil || *rq == '\0') ? def_rquote\
: xstrdup (rq);
537
538 len_lquote = strlen(rquote);
539 len_rquote = strlen(lquote);
540 }
541
542 void
Let us step past the two lines that set `len_lquote' and `len_rquote',
and then examine the values of those variables.
(gdb) n
539 len_rquote = strlen(lquote);
(gdb) n
540 }
(gdb) p len_lquote
$3 = 9
(gdb) p len_rquote
$4 = 7
That certainly looks wrong, assuming `len_lquote' and `len_rquote' are
meant to be the lengths of `lquote' and `rquote' respectively. We can
set them to better values using the `p' command, since it can print the
value of any expression--and that expression can include subroutine
calls and assignments.
(gdb) p len_lquote=strlen(lquote)
$5 = 7
(gdb) p len_rquote=strlen(rquote)
$6 = 9
Is that enough to fix the problem of using the new quotes with the `m4'
built-in `defn'? We can allow `m4' to continue executing with the `c'
(`continue') command, and then try the example that caused trouble
initially:
(gdb) c
Continuing.
define(baz,defn(<QUOTE>foo<UNQUOTE>))
baz
0000
Success! The new quotes now work just as well as the default ones. The
problem seems to have been just the two typos defining the wrong
lengths. We allow `m4' exit by giving it an EOF as input:
Ctrl-d
Program exited normally.
The message `Program exited normally.' is from GDB; it indicates `m4'
has finished executing. We can end our GDB session with the GDB `quit'
command.
(gdb) quit

File: gdb.info, Node: Invocation, Next: Commands, Prev: Sample Session, Up: Top
2 Getting In and Out of GDB
***************************
This chapter discusses how to start GDB, and how to get out of it. The
essentials are:
* type `gdb' to start GDB.
* type `quit' or `Ctrl-d' to exit.
* Menu:
* Invoking GDB:: How to start GDB
* Quitting GDB:: How to quit GDB
* Shell Commands:: How to use shell commands inside GDB
* Logging Output:: How to log GDB's output to a file

File: gdb.info, Node: Invoking GDB, Next: Quitting GDB, Up: Invocation
2.1 Invoking GDB
================
Invoke GDB by running the program `gdb'. Once started, GDB reads
commands from the terminal until you tell it to exit.
You can also run `gdb' with a variety of arguments and options, to
specify more of your debugging environment at the outset.
The command-line options described here are designed to cover a
variety of situations; in some environments, some of these options may
effectively be unavailable.
The most usual way to start GDB is with one argument, specifying an
executable program:
gdb PROGRAM
You can also start with both an executable program and a core file
specified:
gdb PROGRAM CORE
You can, instead, specify a process ID as a second argument, if you
want to debug a running process:
gdb PROGRAM 1234
would attach GDB to process `1234' (unless you also have a file named
`1234'; GDB does check for a core file first).
Taking advantage of the second command-line argument requires a
fairly complete operating system; when you use GDB as a remote debugger
attached to a bare board, there may not be any notion of "process", and
there is often no way to get a core dump. GDB will warn you if it is
unable to attach or to read core dumps.
You can optionally have `gdb' pass any arguments after the
executable file to the inferior using `--args'. This option stops
option processing.
gdb --args gcc -O2 -c foo.c
This will cause `gdb' to debug `gcc', and to set `gcc''s
command-line arguments (*note Arguments::) to `-O2 -c foo.c'.
You can run `gdb' without printing the front material, which
describes GDB's non-warranty, by specifying `-silent':
gdb -silent
You can further control how GDB starts up by using command-line
options. GDB itself can remind you of the options available.
Type
gdb -help
to display all available options and briefly describe their use (`gdb
-h' is a shorter equivalent).
All options and command line arguments you give are processed in
sequential order. The order makes a difference when the `-x' option is
used.
* Menu:
* File Options:: Choosing files
* Mode Options:: Choosing modes
* Startup:: What GDB does during startup

File: gdb.info, Node: File Options, Next: Mode Options, Up: Invoking GDB
2.1.1 Choosing Files
--------------------
When GDB starts, it reads any arguments other than options as
specifying an executable file and core file (or process ID). This is
the same as if the arguments were specified by the `-se' and `-c' (or
`-p') options respectively. (GDB reads the first argument that does
not have an associated option flag as equivalent to the `-se' option
followed by that argument; and the second argument that does not have
an associated option flag, if any, as equivalent to the `-c'/`-p'
option followed by that argument.) If the second argument begins with
a decimal digit, GDB will first attempt to attach to it as a process,
and if that fails, attempt to open it as a corefile. If you have a
corefile whose name begins with a digit, you can prevent GDB from
treating it as a pid by prefixing it with `./', e.g. `./12345'.
If GDB has not been configured to included core file support, such
as for most embedded targets, then it will complain about a second
argument and ignore it.
Many options have both long and short forms; both are shown in the
following list. GDB also recognizes the long forms if you truncate
them, so long as enough of the option is present to be unambiguous.
(If you prefer, you can flag option arguments with `--' rather than
`-', though we illustrate the more usual convention.)
`-symbols FILE'
`-s FILE'
Read symbol table from file FILE.
`-exec FILE'
`-e FILE'
Use file FILE as the executable file to execute when appropriate,
and for examining pure data in conjunction with a core dump.
`-se FILE'
Read symbol table from file FILE and use it as the executable file.
`-core FILE'
`-c FILE'
Use file FILE as a core dump to examine.
`-pid NUMBER'
`-p NUMBER'
Connect to process ID NUMBER, as with the `attach' command.
`-command FILE'
`-x FILE'
Execute GDB commands from file FILE. *Note Command files: Command
Files.
`-eval-command COMMAND'
`-ex COMMAND'
Execute a single GDB command.
This option may be used multiple times to call multiple commands.
It may also be interleaved with `-command' as required.
gdb -ex 'target sim' -ex 'load' \
-x setbreakpoints -ex 'run' a.out
`-directory DIRECTORY'
`-d DIRECTORY'
Add DIRECTORY to the path to search for source and script files.
`-r'
`-readnow'
Read each symbol file's entire symbol table immediately, rather
than the default, which is to read it incrementally as it is
needed. This makes startup slower, but makes future operations
faster.

File: gdb.info, Node: Mode Options, Next: Startup, Prev: File Options, Up: Invoking GDB
2.1.2 Choosing Modes
--------------------
You can run GDB in various alternative modes--for example, in batch
mode or quiet mode.
`-nx'
`-n'
Do not execute commands found in any initialization files.
Normally, GDB executes the commands in these files after all the
command options and arguments have been processed. *Note Command
Files: Command Files.
`-quiet'
`-silent'
`-q'
"Quiet". Do not print the introductory and copyright messages.
These messages are also suppressed in batch mode.
`-batch'
Run in batch mode. Exit with status `0' after processing all the
command files specified with `-x' (and all commands from
initialization files, if not inhibited with `-n'). Exit with
nonzero status if an error occurs in executing the GDB commands in
the command files.
Batch mode may be useful for running GDB as a filter, for example
to download and run a program on another computer; in order to
make this more useful, the message
Program exited normally.
(which is ordinarily issued whenever a program running under GDB
control terminates) is not issued when running in batch mode.
`-batch-silent'
Run in batch mode exactly like `-batch', but totally silently. All
GDB output to `stdout' is prevented (`stderr' is unaffected).
This is much quieter than `-silent' and would be useless for an
interactive session.
This is particularly useful when using targets that give `Loading
section' messages, for example.
Note that targets that give their output via GDB, as opposed to
writing directly to `stdout', will also be made silent.
`-return-child-result'
The return code from GDB will be the return code from the child
process (the process being debugged), with the following
exceptions:
* GDB exits abnormally. E.g., due to an incorrect argument or
an internal error. In this case the exit code is the same as
it would have been without `-return-child-result'.
* The user quits with an explicit value. E.g., `quit 1'.
* The child process never runs, or is not allowed to terminate,
in which case the exit code will be -1.
This option is useful in conjunction with `-batch' or
`-batch-silent', when GDB is being used as a remote program loader
or simulator interface.
`-nowindows'
`-nw'
"No windows". If GDB comes with a graphical user interface (GUI)
built in, then this option tells GDB to only use the command-line
interface. If no GUI is available, this option has no effect.
`-windows'
`-w'
If GDB includes a GUI, then this option requires it to be used if
possible.
`-cd DIRECTORY'
Run GDB using DIRECTORY as its working directory, instead of the
current directory.
`-fullname'
`-f'
GNU Emacs sets this option when it runs GDB as a subprocess. It
tells GDB to output the full file name and line number in a
standard, recognizable fashion each time a stack frame is
displayed (which includes each time your program stops). This
recognizable format looks like two `\032' characters, followed by
the file name, line number and character position separated by
colons, and a newline. The Emacs-to-GDB interface program uses
the two `\032' characters as a signal to display the source code
for the frame.
`-epoch'
The Epoch Emacs-GDB interface sets this option when it runs GDB as
a subprocess. It tells GDB to modify its print routines so as to
allow Epoch to display values of expressions in a separate window.
`-annotate LEVEL'
This option sets the "annotation level" inside GDB. Its effect is
identical to using `set annotate LEVEL' (*note Annotations::).
The annotation LEVEL controls how much information GDB prints
together with its prompt, values of expressions, source lines, and
other types of output. Level 0 is the normal, level 1 is for use
when GDB is run as a subprocess of GNU Emacs, level 3 is the
maximum annotation suitable for programs that control GDB, and
level 2 has been deprecated.
The annotation mechanism has largely been superseded by GDB/MI
(*note GDB/MI::).
`--args'
Change interpretation of command line so that arguments following
the executable file are passed as command line arguments to the
inferior. This option stops option processing.
`-baud BPS'
`-b BPS'
Set the line speed (baud rate or bits per second) of any serial
interface used by GDB for remote debugging.
`-l TIMEOUT'
Set the timeout (in seconds) of any communication used by GDB for
remote debugging.
`-tty DEVICE'
`-t DEVICE'
Run using DEVICE for your program's standard input and output.
`-tui'
Activate the "Text User Interface" when starting. The Text User
Interface manages several text windows on the terminal, showing
source, assembly, registers and GDB command outputs (*note GDB
Text User Interface: TUI.). Alternatively, the Text User
Interface can be enabled by invoking the program `gdbtui'. Do not
use this option if you run GDB from Emacs (*note Using GDB under
GNU Emacs: Emacs.).
`-interpreter INTERP'
Use the interpreter INTERP for interface with the controlling
program or device. This option is meant to be set by programs
which communicate with GDB using it as a back end. *Note Command
Interpreters: Interpreters.
`--interpreter=mi' (or `--interpreter=mi2') causes GDB to use the
"GDB/MI interface" (*note The GDB/MI Interface: GDB/MI.) included
since GDB version 6.0. The previous GDB/MI interface, included in
GDB version 5.3 and selected with `--interpreter=mi1', is
deprecated. Earlier GDB/MI interfaces are no longer supported.
`-write'
Open the executable and core files for both reading and writing.
This is equivalent to the `set write on' command inside GDB (*note
Patching::).
`-statistics'
This option causes GDB to print statistics about time and memory
usage after it completes each command and returns to the prompt.
`-version'
This option causes GDB to print its version number and no-warranty
blurb, and exit.

File: gdb.info, Node: Startup, Prev: Mode Options, Up: Invoking GDB
2.1.3 What GDB Does During Startup
----------------------------------
Here's the description of what GDB does during session startup:
1. Sets up the command interpreter as specified by the command line
(*note interpreter: Mode Options.).
2. Reads the "init file" (if any) in your home directory(1) and
executes all the commands in that file.
3. Processes command line options and operands.
4. Reads and executes the commands from init file (if any) in the
current working directory. This is only done if the current
directory is different from your home directory. Thus, you can
have more than one init file, one generic in your home directory,
and another, specific to the program you are debugging, in the
directory where you invoke GDB.
5. Reads command files specified by the `-x' option. *Note Command
Files::, for more details about GDB command files.
6. Reads the command history recorded in the "history file". *Note
Command History::, for more details about the command history and
the files where GDB records it.
Init files use the same syntax as "command files" (*note Command
Files::) and are processed by GDB in the same way. The init file in
your home directory can set options (such as `set complaints') that
affect subsequent processing of command line options and operands.
Init files are not executed if you use the `-nx' option (*note Choosing
Modes: Mode Options.).
The GDB init files are normally called `.gdbinit'. The DJGPP port
of GDB uses the name `gdb.ini', due to the limitations of file names
imposed by DOS filesystems. The Windows ports of GDB use the standard
name, but if they find a `gdb.ini' file, they warn you about that and
suggest to rename the file to the standard name.
---------- Footnotes ----------
(1) On DOS/Windows systems, the home directory is the one pointed to
by the `HOME' environment variable.

File: gdb.info, Node: Quitting GDB, Next: Shell Commands, Prev: Invoking GDB, Up: Invocation
2.2 Quitting GDB
================
`quit [EXPRESSION]'
`q'
To exit GDB, use the `quit' command (abbreviated `q'), or type an
end-of-file character (usually `Ctrl-d'). If you do not supply
EXPRESSION, GDB will terminate normally; otherwise it will
terminate using the result of EXPRESSION as the error code.
An interrupt (often `Ctrl-c') does not exit from GDB, but rather
terminates the action of any GDB command that is in progress and
returns to GDB command level. It is safe to type the interrupt
character at any time because GDB does not allow it to take effect
until a time when it is safe.
If you have been using GDB to control an attached process or device,
you can release it with the `detach' command (*note Debugging an
Already-running Process: Attach.).

File: gdb.info, Node: Shell Commands, Next: Logging Output, Prev: Quitting GDB, Up: Invocation
2.3 Shell Commands
==================
If you need to execute occasional shell commands during your debugging
session, there is no need to leave or suspend GDB; you can just use the
`shell' command.
`shell COMMAND STRING'
Invoke a standard shell to execute COMMAND STRING. If it exists,
the environment variable `SHELL' determines which shell to run.
Otherwise GDB uses the default shell (`/bin/sh' on Unix systems,
`COMMAND.COM' on MS-DOS, etc.).
The utility `make' is often needed in development environments. You
do not have to use the `shell' command for this purpose in GDB:
`make MAKE-ARGS'
Execute the `make' program with the specified arguments. This is
equivalent to `shell make MAKE-ARGS'.

File: gdb.info, Node: Logging Output, Prev: Shell Commands, Up: Invocation
2.4 Logging Output
==================
You may want to save the output of GDB commands to a file. There are
several commands to control GDB's logging.
`set logging on'
Enable logging.
`set logging off'
Disable logging.
`set logging file FILE'
Change the name of the current logfile. The default logfile is
`gdb.txt'.
`set logging overwrite [on|off]'
By default, GDB will append to the logfile. Set `overwrite' if
you want `set logging on' to overwrite the logfile instead.
`set logging redirect [on|off]'
By default, GDB output will go to both the terminal and the
logfile. Set `redirect' if you want output to go only to the log
file.
`show logging'
Show the current values of the logging settings.

File: gdb.info, Node: Commands, Next: Running, Prev: Invocation, Up: Top
3 GDB Commands
**************
You can abbreviate a GDB command to the first few letters of the command
name, if that abbreviation is unambiguous; and you can repeat certain
GDB commands by typing just <RET>. You can also use the <TAB> key to
get GDB to fill out the rest of a word in a command (or to show you the
alternatives available, if there is more than one possibility).
* Menu:
* Command Syntax:: How to give commands to GDB
* Completion:: Command completion
* Help:: How to ask GDB for help

File: gdb.info, Node: Command Syntax, Next: Completion, Up: Commands
3.1 Command Syntax
==================
A GDB command is a single line of input. There is no limit on how long
it can be. It starts with a command name, which is followed by
arguments whose meaning depends on the command name. For example, the
command `step' accepts an argument which is the number of times to
step, as in `step 5'. You can also use the `step' command with no
arguments. Some commands do not allow any arguments.
GDB command names may always be truncated if that abbreviation is
unambiguous. Other possible command abbreviations are listed in the
documentation for individual commands. In some cases, even ambiguous
abbreviations are allowed; for example, `s' is specially defined as
equivalent to `step' even though there are other commands whose names
start with `s'. You can test abbreviations by using them as arguments
to the `help' command.
A blank line as input to GDB (typing just <RET>) means to repeat the
previous command. Certain commands (for example, `run') will not
repeat this way; these are commands whose unintentional repetition
might cause trouble and which you are unlikely to want to repeat.
User-defined commands can disable this feature; see *Note dont-repeat:
Define.
The `list' and `x' commands, when you repeat them with <RET>,
construct new arguments rather than repeating exactly as typed. This
permits easy scanning of source or memory.
GDB can also use <RET> in another way: to partition lengthy output,
in a way similar to the common utility `more' (*note Screen Size:
Screen Size.). Since it is easy to press one <RET> too many in this
situation, GDB disables command repetition after any command that
generates this sort of display.
Any text from a `#' to the end of the line is a comment; it does
nothing. This is useful mainly in command files (*note Command Files:
Command Files.).
The `Ctrl-o' binding is useful for repeating a complex sequence of
commands. This command accepts the current line, like <RET>, and then
fetches the next line relative to the current line from the history for
editing.

File: gdb.info, Node: Completion, Next: Help, Prev: Command Syntax, Up: Commands
3.2 Command Completion
======================
GDB can fill in the rest of a word in a command for you, if there is
only one possibility; it can also show you what the valid possibilities
are for the next word in a command, at any time. This works for GDB
commands, GDB subcommands, and the names of symbols in your program.
Press the <TAB> key whenever you want GDB to fill out the rest of a
word. If there is only one possibility, GDB fills in the word, and
waits for you to finish the command (or press <RET> to enter it). For
example, if you type
(gdb) info bre <TAB>
GDB fills in the rest of the word `breakpoints', since that is the only
`info' subcommand beginning with `bre':
(gdb) info breakpoints
You can either press <RET> at this point, to run the `info breakpoints'
command, or backspace and enter something else, if `breakpoints' does
not look like the command you expected. (If you were sure you wanted
`info breakpoints' in the first place, you might as well just type
<RET> immediately after `info bre', to exploit command abbreviations
rather than command completion).
If there is more than one possibility for the next word when you
press <TAB>, GDB sounds a bell. You can either supply more characters
and try again, or just press <TAB> a second time; GDB displays all the
possible completions for that word. For example, you might want to set
a breakpoint on a subroutine whose name begins with `make_', but when
you type `b make_<TAB>' GDB just sounds the bell. Typing <TAB> again
displays all the function names in your program that begin with those
characters, for example:
(gdb) b make_ <TAB>
GDB sounds bell; press <TAB> again, to see:
make_a_section_from_file make_environ
make_abs_section make_function_type
make_blockvector make_pointer_type
make_cleanup make_reference_type
make_command make_symbol_completion_list
(gdb) b make_
After displaying the available possibilities, GDB copies your partial
input (`b make_' in the example) so you can finish the command.
If you just want to see the list of alternatives in the first place,
you can press `M-?' rather than pressing <TAB> twice. `M-?' means
`<META> ?'. You can type this either by holding down a key designated
as the <META> shift on your keyboard (if there is one) while typing
`?', or as <ESC> followed by `?'.
Sometimes the string you need, while logically a "word", may contain
parentheses or other characters that GDB normally excludes from its
notion of a word. To permit word completion to work in this situation,
you may enclose words in `'' (single quote marks) in GDB commands.
The most likely situation where you might need this is in typing the
name of a C++ function. This is because C++ allows function
overloading (multiple definitions of the same function, distinguished
by argument type). For example, when you want to set a breakpoint you
may need to distinguish whether you mean the version of `name' that
takes an `int' parameter, `name(int)', or the version that takes a
`float' parameter, `name(float)'. To use the word-completion
facilities in this situation, type a single quote `'' at the beginning
of the function name. This alerts GDB that it may need to consider
more information than usual when you press <TAB> or `M-?' to request
word completion:
(gdb) b 'bubble( M-?
bubble(double,double) bubble(int,int)
(gdb) b 'bubble(
In some cases, GDB can tell that completing a name requires using
quotes. When this happens, GDB inserts the quote for you (while
completing as much as it can) if you do not type the quote in the first
place:
(gdb) b bub <TAB>
GDB alters your input line to the following, and rings a bell:
(gdb) b 'bubble(
In general, GDB can tell that a quote is needed (and inserts it) if you
have not yet started typing the argument list when you ask for
completion on an overloaded symbol.
For more information about overloaded functions, see *Note C++
Expressions: C Plus Plus Expressions. You can use the command `set
overload-resolution off' to disable overload resolution; see *Note GDB
Features for C++: Debugging C Plus Plus.

File: gdb.info, Node: Help, Prev: Completion, Up: Commands
3.3 Getting Help
================
You can always ask GDB itself for information on its commands, using
the command `help'.
`help'
`h'
You can use `help' (abbreviated `h') with no arguments to display
a short list of named classes of commands:
(gdb) help
List of classes of commands:
aliases -- Aliases of other commands
breakpoints -- Making program stop at certain points
data -- Examining data
files -- Specifying and examining files
internals -- Maintenance commands
obscure -- Obscure features
running -- Running the program
stack -- Examining the stack
status -- Status inquiries
support -- Support facilities
tracepoints -- Tracing of program execution without
stopping the program
user-defined -- User-defined commands
Type "help" followed by a class name for a list of
commands in that class.
Type "help" followed by command name for full
documentation.
Command name abbreviations are allowed if unambiguous.
(gdb)
`help CLASS'
Using one of the general help classes as an argument, you can get a
list of the individual commands in that class. For example, here
is the help display for the class `status':
(gdb) help status
Status inquiries.
List of commands:
info -- Generic command for showing things
about the program being debugged
show -- Generic command for showing things
about the debugger
Type "help" followed by command name for full
documentation.
Command name abbreviations are allowed if unambiguous.
(gdb)
`help COMMAND'
With a command name as `help' argument, GDB displays a short
paragraph on how to use that command.
`apropos ARGS'
The `apropos' command searches through all of the GDB commands,
and their documentation, for the regular expression specified in
ARGS. It prints out all matches found. For example:
apropos reload
results in:
set symbol-reloading -- Set dynamic symbol table reloading
multiple times in one run
show symbol-reloading -- Show dynamic symbol table reloading
multiple times in one run
`complete ARGS'
The `complete ARGS' command lists all the possible completions for
the beginning of a command. Use ARGS to specify the beginning of
the command you want completed. For example:
complete i
results in:
if
ignore
info
inspect
This is intended for use by GNU Emacs.
In addition to `help', you can use the GDB commands `info' and
`show' to inquire about the state of your program, or the state of GDB
itself. Each command supports many topics of inquiry; this manual
introduces each of them in the appropriate context. The listings under
`info' and under `show' in the Index point to all the sub-commands.
*Note Index::.
`info'
This command (abbreviated `i') is for describing the state of your
program. For example, you can show the arguments passed to a
function with `info args', list the registers currently in use
with `info registers', or list the breakpoints you have set with
`info breakpoints'. You can get a complete list of the `info'
sub-commands with `help info'.
`set'
You can assign the result of an expression to an environment
variable with `set'. For example, you can set the GDB prompt to a
$-sign with `set prompt $'.
`show'
In contrast to `info', `show' is for describing the state of GDB
itself. You can change most of the things you can `show', by
using the related command `set'; for example, you can control what
number system is used for displays with `set radix', or simply
inquire which is currently in use with `show radix'.
To display all the settable parameters and their current values,
you can use `show' with no arguments; you may also use `info set'.
Both commands produce the same display.
Here are three miscellaneous `show' subcommands, all of which are
exceptional in lacking corresponding `set' commands:
`show version'
Show what version of GDB is running. You should include this
information in GDB bug-reports. If multiple versions of GDB are
in use at your site, you may need to determine which version of
GDB you are running; as GDB evolves, new commands are introduced,
and old ones may wither away. Also, many system vendors ship
variant versions of GDB, and there are variant versions of GDB in
GNU/Linux distributions as well. The version number is the same
as the one announced when you start GDB.
`show copying'
`info copying'
Display information about permission for copying GDB.
`show warranty'
`info warranty'
Display the GNU "NO WARRANTY" statement, or a warranty, if your
version of GDB comes with one.

File: gdb.info, Node: Running, Next: Stopping, Prev: Commands, Up: Top
4 Running Programs Under GDB
****************************
When you run a program under GDB, you must first generate debugging
information when you compile it.
You may start GDB with its arguments, if any, in an environment of
your choice. If you are doing native debugging, you may redirect your
program's input and output, debug an already running process, or kill a
child process.
* Menu:
* Compilation:: Compiling for debugging
* Starting:: Starting your program
* Arguments:: Your program's arguments
* Environment:: Your program's environment
* Working Directory:: Your program's working directory
* Input/Output:: Your program's input and output
* Attach:: Debugging an already-running process
* Kill Process:: Killing the child process
* Threads:: Debugging programs with multiple threads
* Processes:: Debugging programs with multiple processes
* Checkpoint/Restart:: Setting a _bookmark_ to return to later

File: gdb.info, Node: Compilation, Next: Starting, Up: Running
4.1 Compiling for Debugging
===========================
In order to debug a program effectively, you need to generate debugging
information when you compile it. This debugging information is stored
in the object file; it describes the data type of each variable or
function and the correspondence between source line numbers and
addresses in the executable code.
To request debugging information, specify the `-g' option when you
run the compiler.
Programs that are to be shipped to your customers are compiled with
optimizations, using the `-O' compiler option. However, many compilers
are unable to handle the `-g' and `-O' options together. Using those
compilers, you cannot generate optimized executables containing
debugging information.
GCC, the GNU C/C++ compiler, supports `-g' with or without `-O',
making it possible to debug optimized code. We recommend that you
_always_ use `-g' whenever you compile a program. You may think your
program is correct, but there is no sense in pushing your luck.
When you debug a program compiled with `-g -O', remember that the
optimizer is rearranging your code; the debugger shows you what is
really there. Do not be too surprised when the execution path does not
exactly match your source file! An extreme example: if you define a
variable, but never use it, GDB never sees that variable--because the
compiler optimizes it out of existence.
Some things do not work as well with `-g -O' as with just `-g',
particularly on machines with instruction scheduling. If in doubt,
recompile with `-g' alone, and if this fixes the problem, please report
it to us as a bug (including a test case!). *Note Variables::, for
more information about debugging optimized code.
Older versions of the GNU C compiler permitted a variant option
`-gg' for debugging information. GDB no longer supports this format;
if your GNU C compiler has this option, do not use it.
GDB knows about preprocessor macros and can show you their expansion
(*note Macros::). Most compilers do not include information about
preprocessor macros in the debugging information if you specify the
`-g' flag alone, because this information is rather large. Version 3.1
and later of GCC, the GNU C compiler, provides macro information if you
specify the options `-gdwarf-2' and `-g3'; the former option requests
debugging information in the Dwarf 2 format, and the latter requests
"extra information". In the future, we hope to find more compact ways
to represent macro information, so that it can be included with `-g'
alone.

File: gdb.info, Node: Starting, Next: Arguments, Prev: Compilation, Up: Running
4.2 Starting your Program
=========================
`run'
`r'
Use the `run' command to start your program under GDB. You must
first specify the program name (except on VxWorks) with an
argument to GDB (*note Getting In and Out of GDB: Invocation.), or
by using the `file' or `exec-file' command (*note Commands to
Specify Files: Files.).
If you are running your program in an execution environment that
supports processes, `run' creates an inferior process and makes that
process run your program. (In environments without processes, `run'
jumps to the start of your program.)
The execution of a program is affected by certain information it
receives from its superior. GDB provides ways to specify this
information, which you must do _before_ starting your program. (You
can change it after starting your program, but such changes only affect
your program the next time you start it.) This information may be
divided into four categories:
The _arguments._
Specify the arguments to give your program as the arguments of the
`run' command. If a shell is available on your target, the shell
is used to pass the arguments, so that you may use normal
conventions (such as wildcard expansion or variable substitution)
in describing the arguments. In Unix systems, you can control
which shell is used with the `SHELL' environment variable. *Note
Your Program's Arguments: Arguments.
The _environment._
Your program normally inherits its environment from GDB, but you
can use the GDB commands `set environment' and `unset environment'
to change parts of the environment that affect your program.
*Note Your Program's Environment: Environment.
The _working directory._
Your program inherits its working directory from GDB. You can set
the GDB working directory with the `cd' command in GDB. *Note
Your Program's Working Directory: Working Directory.
The _standard input and output._
Your program normally uses the same device for standard input and
standard output as GDB is using. You can redirect input and output
in the `run' command line, or you can use the `tty' command to set
a different device for your program. *Note Your Program's Input
and Output: Input/Output.
_Warning:_ While input and output redirection work, you cannot use
pipes to pass the output of the program you are debugging to
another program; if you attempt this, GDB is likely to wind up
debugging the wrong program.
When you issue the `run' command, your program begins to execute
immediately. *Note Stopping and Continuing: Stopping, for discussion
of how to arrange for your program to stop. Once your program has
stopped, you may call functions in your program, using the `print' or
`call' commands. *Note Examining Data: Data.
If the modification time of your symbol file has changed since the
last time GDB read its symbols, GDB discards its symbol table, and
reads it again. When it does this, GDB tries to retain your current
breakpoints.
`start'
The name of the main procedure can vary from language to language.
With C or C++, the main procedure name is always `main', but other
languages such as Ada do not require a specific name for their
main procedure. The debugger provides a convenient way to start
the execution of the program and to stop at the beginning of the
main procedure, depending on the language used.
The `start' command does the equivalent of setting a temporary
breakpoint at the beginning of the main procedure and then invoking
the `run' command.
Some programs contain an "elaboration" phase where some startup
code is executed before the main procedure is called. This
depends on the languages used to write your program. In C++, for
instance, constructors for static and global objects are executed
before `main' is called. It is therefore possible that the
debugger stops before reaching the main procedure. However, the
temporary breakpoint will remain to halt execution.
Specify the arguments to give to your program as arguments to the
`start' command. These arguments will be given verbatim to the
underlying `run' command. Note that the same arguments will be
reused if no argument is provided during subsequent calls to
`start' or `run'.
It is sometimes necessary to debug the program during elaboration.
In these cases, using the `start' command would stop the
execution of your program too late, as the program would have
already completed the elaboration phase. Under these
circumstances, insert breakpoints in your elaboration code before
running your program.

File: gdb.info, Node: Arguments, Next: Environment, Prev: Starting, Up: Running
4.3 Your Program's Arguments
============================
The arguments to your program can be specified by the arguments of the
`run' command. They are passed to a shell, which expands wildcard
characters and performs redirection of I/O, and thence to your program.
Your `SHELL' environment variable (if it exists) specifies what shell
GDB uses. If you do not define `SHELL', GDB uses the default shell
(`/bin/sh' on Unix).
On non-Unix systems, the program is usually invoked directly by GDB,
which emulates I/O redirection via the appropriate system calls, and
the wildcard characters are expanded by the startup code of the
program, not by the shell.
`run' with no arguments uses the same arguments used by the previous
`run', or those set by the `set args' command.
`set args'
Specify the arguments to be used the next time your program is
run. If `set args' has no arguments, `run' executes your program
with no arguments. Once you have run your program with arguments,
using `set args' before the next `run' is the only way to run it
again without arguments.
`show args'
Show the arguments to give your program when it is started.

File: gdb.info, Node: Environment, Next: Working Directory, Prev: Arguments, Up: Running
4.4 Your Program's Environment
==============================
The "environment" consists of a set of environment variables and their
values. Environment variables conventionally record such things as
your user name, your home directory, your terminal type, and your search
path for programs to run. Usually you set up environment variables with
the shell and they are inherited by all the other programs you run.
When debugging, it can be useful to try running your program with a
modified environment without having to start GDB over again.
`path DIRECTORY'
Add DIRECTORY to the front of the `PATH' environment variable (the
search path for executables) that will be passed to your program.
The value of `PATH' used by GDB does not change. You may specify
several directory names, separated by whitespace or by a
system-dependent separator character (`:' on Unix, `;' on MS-DOS
and MS-Windows). If DIRECTORY is already in the path, it is moved
to the front, so it is searched sooner.
You can use the string `$cwd' to refer to whatever is the current
working directory at the time GDB searches the path. If you use
`.' instead, it refers to the directory where you executed the
`path' command. GDB replaces `.' in the DIRECTORY argument (with
the current path) before adding DIRECTORY to the search path.
`show paths'
Display the list of search paths for executables (the `PATH'
environment variable).
`show environment [VARNAME]'
Print the value of environment variable VARNAME to be given to
your program when it starts. If you do not supply VARNAME, print
the names and values of all environment variables to be given to
your program. You can abbreviate `environment' as `env'.
`set environment VARNAME [=VALUE]'
Set environment variable VARNAME to VALUE. The value changes for
your program only, not for GDB itself. VALUE may be any string;
the values of environment variables are just strings, and any
interpretation is supplied by your program itself. The VALUE
parameter is optional; if it is eliminated, the variable is set to
a null value.
For example, this command:
set env USER = foo
tells the debugged program, when subsequently run, that its user
is named `foo'. (The spaces around `=' are used for clarity here;
they are not actually required.)
`unset environment VARNAME'
Remove variable VARNAME from the environment to be passed to your
program. This is different from `set env VARNAME ='; `unset
environment' removes the variable from the environment, rather
than assigning it an empty value.
_Warning:_ On Unix systems, GDB runs your program using the shell
indicated by your `SHELL' environment variable if it exists (or
`/bin/sh' if not). If your `SHELL' variable names a shell that runs an
initialization file--such as `.cshrc' for C-shell, or `.bashrc' for
BASH--any variables you set in that file affect your program. You may
wish to move setting of environment variables to files that are only
run when you sign on, such as `.login' or `.profile'.

File: gdb.info, Node: Working Directory, Next: Input/Output, Prev: Environment, Up: Running
4.5 Your Program's Working Directory
====================================
Each time you start your program with `run', it inherits its working
directory from the current working directory of GDB. The GDB working
directory is initially whatever it inherited from its parent process
(typically the shell), but you can specify a new working directory in
GDB with the `cd' command.
The GDB working directory also serves as a default for the commands
that specify files for GDB to operate on. *Note Commands to Specify
Files: Files.
`cd DIRECTORY'
Set the GDB working directory to DIRECTORY.
`pwd'
Print the GDB working directory.
It is generally impossible to find the current working directory of
the process being debugged (since a program can change its directory
during its run). If you work on a system where GDB is configured with
the `/proc' support, you can use the `info proc' command (*note SVR4
Process Information::) to find out the current working directory of the
debuggee.

File: gdb.info, Node: Input/Output, Next: Attach, Prev: Working Directory, Up: Running
4.6 Your Program's Input and Output
===================================
By default, the program you run under GDB does input and output to the
same terminal that GDB uses. GDB switches the terminal to its own
terminal modes to interact with you, but it records the terminal modes
your program was using and switches back to them when you continue
running your program.
`info terminal'
Displays information recorded by GDB about the terminal modes your
program is using.
You can redirect your program's input and/or output using shell
redirection with the `run' command. For example,
run > outfile
starts your program, diverting its output to the file `outfile'.
Another way to specify where your program should do input and output
is with the `tty' command. This command accepts a file name as
argument, and causes this file to be the default for future `run'
commands. It also resets the controlling terminal for the child
process, for future `run' commands. For example,
tty /dev/ttyb
directs that processes started with subsequent `run' commands default
to do input and output on the terminal `/dev/ttyb' and have that as
their controlling terminal.
An explicit redirection in `run' overrides the `tty' command's
effect on the input/output device, but not its effect on the controlling
terminal.
When you use the `tty' command or redirect input in the `run'
command, only the input _for your program_ is affected. The input for
GDB still comes from your terminal. `tty' is an alias for `set
inferior-tty'.
You can use the `show inferior-tty' command to tell GDB to display
the name of the terminal that will be used for future runs of your
program.
`set inferior-tty /dev/ttyb'
Set the tty for the program being debugged to /dev/ttyb.
`show inferior-tty'
Show the current tty for the program being debugged.

File: gdb.info, Node: Attach, Next: Kill Process, Prev: Input/Output, Up: Running
4.7 Debugging an Already-running Process
========================================
`attach PROCESS-ID'
This command attaches to a running process--one that was started
outside GDB. (`info files' shows your active targets.) The
command takes as argument a process ID. The usual way to find out
the PROCESS-ID of a Unix process is with the `ps' utility, or with
the `jobs -l' shell command.
`attach' does not repeat if you press <RET> a second time after
executing the command.
To use `attach', your program must be running in an environment
which supports processes; for example, `attach' does not work for
programs on bare-board targets that lack an operating system. You must
also have permission to send the process a signal.
When you use `attach', the debugger finds the program running in the
process first by looking in the current working directory, then (if the
program is not found) by using the source file search path (*note
Specifying Source Directories: Source Path.). You can also use the
`file' command to load the program. *Note Commands to Specify Files:
Files.
The first thing GDB does after arranging to debug the specified
process is to stop it. You can examine and modify an attached process
with all the GDB commands that are ordinarily available when you start
processes with `run'. You can insert breakpoints; you can step and
continue; you can modify storage. If you would rather the process
continue running, you may use the `continue' command after attaching
GDB to the process.
`detach'
When you have finished debugging the attached process, you can use
the `detach' command to release it from GDB control. Detaching
the process continues its execution. After the `detach' command,
that process and GDB become completely independent once more, and
you are ready to `attach' another process or start one with `run'.
`detach' does not repeat if you press <RET> again after executing
the command.
If you exit GDB while you have an attached process, you detach that
process. If you use the `run' command, you kill that process. By
default, GDB asks for confirmation if you try to do either of these
things; you can control whether or not you need to confirm by using the
`set confirm' command (*note Optional Warnings and Messages:
Messages/Warnings.).

File: gdb.info, Node: Kill Process, Next: Threads, Prev: Attach, Up: Running
4.8 Killing the Child Process
=============================
`kill'
Kill the child process in which your program is running under GDB.
This command is useful if you wish to debug a core dump instead of a
running process. GDB ignores any core dump file while your program is
running.
On some operating systems, a program cannot be executed outside GDB
while you have breakpoints set on it inside GDB. You can use the
`kill' command in this situation to permit running your program outside
the debugger.
The `kill' command is also useful if you wish to recompile and
relink your program, since on many systems it is impossible to modify an
executable file while it is running in a process. In this case, when
you next type `run', GDB notices that the file has changed, and reads
the symbol table again (while trying to preserve your current
breakpoint settings).

File: gdb.info, Node: Threads, Next: Processes, Prev: Kill Process, Up: Running
4.9 Debugging Programs with Multiple Threads
============================================
In some operating systems, such as HP-UX and Solaris, a single program
may have more than one "thread" of execution. The precise semantics of
threads differ from one operating system to another, but in general the
threads of a single program are akin to multiple processes--except that
they share one address space (that is, they can all examine and modify
the same variables). On the other hand, each thread has its own
registers and execution stack, and perhaps private memory.
GDB provides these facilities for debugging multi-thread programs:
* automatic notification of new threads
* `thread THREADNO', a command to switch among threads
* `info threads', a command to inquire about existing threads
* `thread apply [THREADNO] [ALL] ARGS', a command to apply a command
to a list of threads
* thread-specific breakpoints
* `set print thread-events', which controls printing of messages on
thread start and exit.
_Warning:_ These facilities are not yet available on every GDB
configuration where the operating system supports threads. If
your GDB does not support threads, these commands have no effect.
For example, a system without thread support shows no output from
`info threads', and always rejects the `thread' command, like this:
(gdb) info threads
(gdb) thread 1
Thread ID 1 not known. Use the "info threads" command to
see the IDs of currently known threads.
The GDB thread debugging facility allows you to observe all threads
while your program runs--but whenever GDB takes control, one thread in
particular is always the focus of debugging. This thread is called the
"current thread". Debugging commands show program information from the
perspective of the current thread.
Whenever GDB detects a new thread in your program, it displays the
target system's identification for the thread with a message in the
form `[New SYSTAG]'. SYSTAG is a thread identifier whose form varies
depending on the particular system. For example, on GNU/Linux, you
might see
[New Thread 46912507313328 (LWP 25582)]
when GDB notices a new thread. In contrast, on an SGI system, the
SYSTAG is simply something like `process 368', with no further
qualifier.
For debugging purposes, GDB associates its own thread number--always
a single integer--with each thread in your program.
`info threads'
Display a summary of all threads currently in your program. GDB
displays for each thread (in this order):
1. the thread number assigned by GDB
2. the target system's thread identifier (SYSTAG)
3. the current stack frame summary for that thread
An asterisk `*' to the left of the GDB thread number indicates the
current thread.
For example,
(gdb) info threads
3 process 35 thread 27 0x34e5 in sigpause ()
2 process 35 thread 23 0x34e5 in sigpause ()
* 1 process 35 thread 13 main (argc=1, argv=0x7ffffff8)
at threadtest.c:68
On HP-UX systems:
For debugging purposes, GDB associates its own thread number--a
small integer assigned in thread-creation order--with each thread in
your program.
Whenever GDB detects a new thread in your program, it displays both
GDB's thread number and the target system's identification for the
thread with a message in the form `[New SYSTAG]'. SYSTAG is a thread
identifier whose form varies depending on the particular system. For
example, on HP-UX, you see
[New thread 2 (system thread 26594)]
when GDB notices a new thread.
`info threads'
Display a summary of all threads currently in your program. GDB
displays for each thread (in this order):
1. the thread number assigned by GDB
2. the target system's thread identifier (SYSTAG)
3. the current stack frame summary for that thread
An asterisk `*' to the left of the GDB thread number indicates the
current thread.
For example,
(gdb) info threads
* 3 system thread 26607 worker (wptr=0x7b09c318 "@") \
at quicksort.c:137
2 system thread 26606 0x7b0030d8 in __ksleep () \
from /usr/lib/libc.2
1 system thread 27905 0x7b003498 in _brk () \
from /usr/lib/libc.2
On Solaris, you can display more information about user threads with
a Solaris-specific command:
`maint info sol-threads'
Display info on Solaris user threads.
`thread THREADNO'
Make thread number THREADNO the current thread. The command
argument THREADNO is the internal GDB thread number, as shown in
the first field of the `info threads' display. GDB responds by
displaying the system identifier of the thread you selected, and
its current stack frame summary:
(gdb) thread 2
[Switching to process 35 thread 23]
0x34e5 in sigpause ()
As with the `[New ...]' message, the form of the text after
`Switching to' depends on your system's conventions for identifying
threads.
`thread apply [THREADNO] [ALL] COMMAND'
The `thread apply' command allows you to apply the named COMMAND
to one or more threads. Specify the numbers of the threads that
you want affected with the command argument THREADNO. It can be a
single thread number, one of the numbers shown in the first field
of the `info threads' display; or it could be a range of thread
numbers, as in `2-4'. To apply a command to all threads, type
`thread apply all COMMAND'.
`set print thread-events'
`set print thread-events on'
`set print thread-events off'
The `set print thread-events' command allows you to enable or
disable printing of messages when GDB notices that new threads have
started or that threads have exited. By default, these messages
will be printed if detection of these events is supported by the
target. Note that these messages cannot be disabled on all
targets.
`show print thread-events'
Show whether messages will be printed when GDB detects that threads
have started and exited.
Whenever GDB stops your program, due to a breakpoint or a signal, it
automatically selects the thread where that breakpoint or signal
happened. GDB alerts you to the context switch with a message of the
form `[Switching to SYSTAG]' to identify the thread.
*Note Stopping and Starting Multi-thread Programs: Thread Stops, for
more information about how GDB behaves when you stop and start programs
with multiple threads.
*Note Setting Watchpoints: Set Watchpoints, for information about
watchpoints in programs with multiple threads.

File: gdb.info, Node: Processes, Next: Checkpoint/Restart, Prev: Threads, Up: Running
4.10 Debugging Programs with Multiple Processes
===============================================
On most systems, GDB has no special support for debugging programs
which create additional processes using the `fork' function. When a
program forks, GDB will continue to debug the parent process and the
child process will run unimpeded. If you have set a breakpoint in any
code which the child then executes, the child will get a `SIGTRAP'
signal which (unless it catches the signal) will cause it to terminate.
However, if you want to debug the child process there is a workaround
which isn't too painful. Put a call to `sleep' in the code which the
child process executes after the fork. It may be useful to sleep only
if a certain environment variable is set, or a certain file exists, so
that the delay need not occur when you don't want to run GDB on the
child. While the child is sleeping, use the `ps' program to get its
process ID. Then tell GDB (a new invocation of GDB if you are also
debugging the parent process) to attach to the child process (*note
Attach::). From that point on you can debug the child process just
like any other process which you attached to.
On some systems, GDB provides support for debugging programs that
create additional processes using the `fork' or `vfork' functions.
Currently, the only platforms with this feature are HP-UX (11.x and
later only?) and GNU/Linux (kernel version 2.5.60 and later).
By default, when a program forks, GDB will continue to debug the
parent process and the child process will run unimpeded.
If you want to follow the child process instead of the parent
process, use the command `set follow-fork-mode'.
`set follow-fork-mode MODE'
Set the debugger response to a program call of `fork' or `vfork'.
A call to `fork' or `vfork' creates a new process. The MODE
argument can be:
`parent'
The original process is debugged after a fork. The child
process runs unimpeded. This is the default.
`child'
The new process is debugged after a fork. The parent process
runs unimpeded.
`show follow-fork-mode'
Display the current debugger response to a `fork' or `vfork' call.
On Linux, if you want to debug both the parent and child processes,
use the command `set detach-on-fork'.
`set detach-on-fork MODE'
Tells gdb whether to detach one of the processes after a fork, or
retain debugger control over them both.
`on'
The child process (or parent process, depending on the value
of `follow-fork-mode') will be detached and allowed to run
independently. This is the default.
`off'
Both processes will be held under the control of GDB. One
process (child or parent, depending on the value of
`follow-fork-mode') is debugged as usual, while the other is
held suspended.
`show detach-on-fork'
Show whether detach-on-fork mode is on/off.
If you choose to set `detach-on-fork' mode off, then GDB will retain
control of all forked processes (including nested forks). You can list
the forked processes under the control of GDB by using the `info forks'
command, and switch from one fork to another by using the `fork'
command.
`info forks'
Print a list of all forked processes under the control of GDB.
The listing will include a fork id, a process id, and the current
position (program counter) of the process.
`fork FORK-ID'
Make fork number FORK-ID the current process. The argument
FORK-ID is the internal fork number assigned by GDB, as shown in
the first field of the `info forks' display.
`process PROCESS-ID'
Make process number PROCESS-ID the current process. The argument
PROCESS-ID must be one that is listed in the output of `info
forks'.
To quit debugging one of the forked processes, you can either detach
from it by using the `detach fork' command (allowing it to run
independently), or delete (and kill) it using the `delete fork' command.
`detach fork FORK-ID'
Detach from the process identified by GDB fork number FORK-ID, and
remove it from the fork list. The process will be allowed to run
independently.
`delete fork FORK-ID'
Kill the process identified by GDB fork number FORK-ID, and remove
it from the fork list.
If you ask to debug a child process and a `vfork' is followed by an
`exec', GDB executes the new target up to the first breakpoint in the
new target. If you have a breakpoint set on `main' in your original
program, the breakpoint will also be set on the child process's `main'.
When a child process is spawned by `vfork', you cannot debug the
child or parent until an `exec' call completes.
If you issue a `run' command to GDB after an `exec' call executes,
the new target restarts. To restart the parent process, use the `file'
command with the parent executable name as its argument.
You can use the `catch' command to make GDB stop whenever a `fork',
`vfork', or `exec' call is made. *Note Setting Catchpoints: Set
Catchpoints.

File: gdb.info, Node: Checkpoint/Restart, Prev: Processes, Up: Running
4.11 Setting a _Bookmark_ to Return to Later
============================================
On certain operating systems(1), GDB is able to save a "snapshot" of a
program's state, called a "checkpoint", and come back to it later.
Returning to a checkpoint effectively undoes everything that has
happened in the program since the `checkpoint' was saved. This
includes changes in memory, registers, and even (within some limits)
system state. Effectively, it is like going back in time to the moment
when the checkpoint was saved.
Thus, if you're stepping thru a program and you think you're getting
close to the point where things go wrong, you can save a checkpoint.
Then, if you accidentally go too far and miss the critical statement,
instead of having to restart your program from the beginning, you can
just go back to the checkpoint and start again from there.
This can be especially useful if it takes a lot of time or steps to
reach the point where you think the bug occurs.
To use the `checkpoint'/`restart' method of debugging:
`checkpoint'
Save a snapshot of the debugged program's current execution state.
The `checkpoint' command takes no arguments, but each checkpoint
is assigned a small integer id, similar to a breakpoint id.
`info checkpoints'
List the checkpoints that have been saved in the current debugging
session. For each checkpoint, the following information will be
listed:
`Checkpoint ID'
`Process ID'
`Code Address'
`Source line, or label'
`restart CHECKPOINT-ID'
Restore the program state that was saved as checkpoint number
CHECKPOINT-ID. All program variables, registers, stack frames
etc. will be returned to the values that they had when the
checkpoint was saved. In essence, gdb will "wind back the clock"
to the point in time when the checkpoint was saved.
Note that breakpoints, GDB variables, command history etc. are
not affected by restoring a checkpoint. In general, a checkpoint
only restores things that reside in the program being debugged,
not in the debugger.
`delete checkpoint CHECKPOINT-ID'
Delete the previously-saved checkpoint identified by CHECKPOINT-ID.
Returning to a previously saved checkpoint will restore the user
state of the program being debugged, plus a significant subset of the
system (OS) state, including file pointers. It won't "un-write" data
from a file, but it will rewind the file pointer to the previous
location, so that the previously written data can be overwritten. For
files opened in read mode, the pointer will also be restored so that the
previously read data can be read again.
Of course, characters that have been sent to a printer (or other
external device) cannot be "snatched back", and characters received
from eg. a serial device can be removed from internal program buffers,
but they cannot be "pushed back" into the serial pipeline, ready to be
received again. Similarly, the actual contents of files that have been
changed cannot be restored (at this time).
However, within those constraints, you actually can "rewind" your
program to a previously saved point in time, and begin debugging it
again -- and you can change the course of events so as to debug a
different execution path this time.
Finally, there is one bit of internal program state that will be
different when you return to a checkpoint -- the program's process id.
Each checkpoint will have a unique process id (or PID), and each will
be different from the program's original PID. If your program has
saved a local copy of its process id, this could potentially pose a
problem.
4.11.1 A Non-obvious Benefit of Using Checkpoints
-------------------------------------------------
On some systems such as GNU/Linux, address space randomization is
performed on new processes for security reasons. This makes it
difficult or impossible to set a breakpoint, or watchpoint, on an
absolute address if you have to restart the program, since the absolute
location of a symbol will change from one execution to the next.
A checkpoint, however, is an _identical_ copy of a process.
Therefore if you create a checkpoint at (eg.) the start of main, and
simply return to that checkpoint instead of restarting the process, you
can avoid the effects of address randomization and your symbols will
all stay in the same place.
---------- Footnotes ----------
(1) Currently, only GNU/Linux.

File: gdb.info, Node: Stopping, Next: Stack, Prev: Running, Up: Top
5 Stopping and Continuing
*************************
The principal purposes of using a debugger are so that you can stop your
program before it terminates; or so that, if your program runs into
trouble, you can investigate and find out why.
Inside GDB, your program may stop for any of several reasons, such
as a signal, a breakpoint, or reaching a new line after a GDB command
such as `step'. You may then examine and change variables, set new
breakpoints or remove old ones, and then continue execution. Usually,
the messages shown by GDB provide ample explanation of the status of
your program--but you can also explicitly request this information at
any time.
`info program'
Display information about the status of your program: whether it is
running or not, what process it is, and why it stopped.
* Menu:
* Breakpoints:: Breakpoints, watchpoints, and catchpoints
* Continuing and Stepping:: Resuming execution
* Signals:: Signals
* Thread Stops:: Stopping and starting multi-thread programs

File: gdb.info, Node: Breakpoints, Next: Continuing and Stepping, Up: Stopping
5.1 Breakpoints, Watchpoints, and Catchpoints
=============================================
A "breakpoint" makes your program stop whenever a certain point in the
program is reached. For each breakpoint, you can add conditions to
control in finer detail whether your program stops. You can set
breakpoints with the `break' command and its variants (*note Setting
Breakpoints: Set Breaks.), to specify the place where your program
should stop by line number, function name or exact address in the
program.
On some systems, you can set breakpoints in shared libraries before
the executable is run. There is a minor limitation on HP-UX systems:
you must wait until the executable is run in order to set breakpoints
in shared library routines that are not called directly by the program
(for example, routines that are arguments in a `pthread_create' call).
A "watchpoint" is a special breakpoint that stops your program when
the value of an expression changes. The expression may be a value of a
variable, or it could involve values of one or more variables combined
by operators, such as `a + b'. This is sometimes called "data
breakpoints". You must use a different command to set watchpoints
(*note Setting Watchpoints: Set Watchpoints.), but aside from that, you
can manage a watchpoint like any other breakpoint: you enable, disable,
and delete both breakpoints and watchpoints using the same commands.
You can arrange to have values from your program displayed
automatically whenever GDB stops at a breakpoint. *Note Automatic
Display: Auto Display.
A "catchpoint" is another special breakpoint that stops your program
when a certain kind of event occurs, such as the throwing of a C++
exception or the loading of a library. As with watchpoints, you use a
different command to set a catchpoint (*note Setting Catchpoints: Set
Catchpoints.), but aside from that, you can manage a catchpoint like any
other breakpoint. (To stop when your program receives a signal, use the
`handle' command; see *Note Signals: Signals.)
GDB assigns a number to each breakpoint, watchpoint, or catchpoint
when you create it; these numbers are successive integers starting with
one. In many of the commands for controlling various features of
breakpoints you use the breakpoint number to say which breakpoint you
want to change. Each breakpoint may be "enabled" or "disabled"; if
disabled, it has no effect on your program until you enable it again.
Some GDB commands accept a range of breakpoints on which to operate.
A breakpoint range is either a single breakpoint number, like `5', or
two such numbers, in increasing order, separated by a hyphen, like
`5-7'. When a breakpoint range is given to a command, all breakpoints
in that range are operated on.
* Menu:
* Set Breaks:: Setting breakpoints
* Set Watchpoints:: Setting watchpoints
* Set Catchpoints:: Setting catchpoints
* Delete Breaks:: Deleting breakpoints
* Disabling:: Disabling breakpoints
* Conditions:: Break conditions
* Break Commands:: Breakpoint command lists
* Breakpoint Menus:: Breakpoint menus
* Error in Breakpoints:: ``Cannot insert breakpoints''
* Breakpoint-related Warnings:: ``Breakpoint address adjusted...''

File: gdb.info, Node: Set Breaks, Next: Set Watchpoints, Up: Breakpoints
5.1.1 Setting Breakpoints
-------------------------
Breakpoints are set with the `break' command (abbreviated `b'). The
debugger convenience variable `$bpnum' records the number of the
breakpoint you've set most recently; see *Note Convenience Variables:
Convenience Vars, for a discussion of what you can do with convenience
variables.
`break LOCATION'
Set a breakpoint at the given LOCATION, which can specify a
function name, a line number, or an address of an instruction.
(*Note Specify Location::, for a list of all the possible ways to
specify a LOCATION.) The breakpoint will stop your program just
before it executes any of the code in the specified LOCATION.
When using source languages that permit overloading of symbols,
such as C++, a function name may refer to more than one possible
place to break. *Note Breakpoint Menus: Breakpoint Menus, for a
discussion of that situation.
`break'
When called without any arguments, `break' sets a breakpoint at
the next instruction to be executed in the selected stack frame
(*note Examining the Stack: Stack.). In any selected frame but the
innermost, this makes your program stop as soon as control returns
to that frame. This is similar to the effect of a `finish'
command in the frame inside the selected frame--except that
`finish' does not leave an active breakpoint. If you use `break'
without an argument in the innermost frame, GDB stops the next
time it reaches the current location; this may be useful inside
loops.
GDB normally ignores breakpoints when it resumes execution, until
at least one instruction has been executed. If it did not do
this, you would be unable to proceed past a breakpoint without
first disabling the breakpoint. This rule applies whether or not
the breakpoint already existed when your program stopped.
`break ... if COND'
Set a breakpoint with condition COND; evaluate the expression COND
each time the breakpoint is reached, and stop only if the value is
nonzero--that is, if COND evaluates as true. `...' stands for one
of the possible arguments described above (or no argument)
specifying where to break. *Note Break Conditions: Conditions,
for more information on breakpoint conditions.
`tbreak ARGS'
Set a breakpoint enabled only for one stop. ARGS are the same as
for the `break' command, and the breakpoint is set in the same
way, but the breakpoint is automatically deleted after the first
time your program stops there. *Note Disabling Breakpoints:
Disabling.
`hbreak ARGS'
Set a hardware-assisted breakpoint. ARGS are the same as for the
`break' command and the breakpoint is set in the same way, but the
breakpoint requires hardware support and some target hardware may
not have this support. The main purpose of this is EPROM/ROM code
debugging, so you can set a breakpoint at an instruction without
changing the instruction. This can be used with the new
trap-generation provided by SPARClite DSU and most x86-based
targets. These targets will generate traps when a program
accesses some data or instruction address that is assigned to the
debug registers. However the hardware breakpoint registers can
take a limited number of breakpoints. For example, on the DSU,
only two data breakpoints can be set at a time, and GDB will
reject this command if more than two are used. Delete or disable
unused hardware breakpoints before setting new ones (*note
Disabling Breakpoints: Disabling.). *Note Break Conditions:
Conditions. For remote targets, you can restrict the number of
hardware breakpoints GDB will use, see *Note set remote
hardware-breakpoint-limit::.
`thbreak ARGS'
Set a hardware-assisted breakpoint enabled only for one stop. ARGS
are the same as for the `hbreak' command and the breakpoint is set
in the same way. However, like the `tbreak' command, the
breakpoint is automatically deleted after the first time your
program stops there. Also, like the `hbreak' command, the
breakpoint requires hardware support and some target hardware may
not have this support. *Note Disabling Breakpoints: Disabling.
See also *Note Break Conditions: Conditions.
`rbreak REGEX'
Set breakpoints on all functions matching the regular expression
REGEX. This command sets an unconditional breakpoint on all
matches, printing a list of all breakpoints it set. Once these
breakpoints are set, they are treated just like the breakpoints
set with the `break' command. You can delete them, disable them,
or make them conditional the same way as any other breakpoint.
The syntax of the regular expression is the standard one used with
tools like `grep'. Note that this is different from the syntax
used by shells, so for instance `foo*' matches all functions that
include an `fo' followed by zero or more `o's. There is an
implicit `.*' leading and trailing the regular expression you
supply, so to match only functions that begin with `foo', use
`^foo'.
When debugging C++ programs, `rbreak' is useful for setting
breakpoints on overloaded functions that are not members of any
special classes.
The `rbreak' command can be used to set breakpoints in *all* the
functions in a program, like this:
(gdb) rbreak .
`info breakpoints [N]'
`info break [N]'
`info watchpoints [N]'
Print a table of all breakpoints, watchpoints, and catchpoints set
and not deleted. Optional argument N means print information only
about the specified breakpoint (or watchpoint or catchpoint). For
each breakpoint, following columns are printed:
_Breakpoint Numbers_
_Type_
Breakpoint, watchpoint, or catchpoint.
_Disposition_
Whether the breakpoint is marked to be disabled or deleted
when hit.
_Enabled or Disabled_
Enabled breakpoints are marked with `y'. `n' marks
breakpoints that are not enabled.
_Address_
Where the breakpoint is in your program, as a memory address.
For a pending breakpoint whose address is not yet known,
this field will contain `<PENDING>'. Such breakpoint won't
fire until a shared library that has the symbol or line
referred by breakpoint is loaded. See below for details. A
breakpoint with several locations will have `<MULTIPLE>' in
this field--see below for details.
_What_
Where the breakpoint is in the source for your program, as a
file and line number. For a pending breakpoint, the original
string passed to the breakpoint command will be listed as it
cannot be resolved until the appropriate shared library is
loaded in the future.
If a breakpoint is conditional, `info break' shows the condition on
the line following the affected breakpoint; breakpoint commands,
if any, are listed after that. A pending breakpoint is allowed to
have a condition specified for it. The condition is not parsed
for validity until a shared library is loaded that allows the
pending breakpoint to resolve to a valid location.
`info break' with a breakpoint number N as argument lists only
that breakpoint. The convenience variable `$_' and the default
examining-address for the `x' command are set to the address of
the last breakpoint listed (*note Examining Memory: Memory.).
`info break' displays a count of the number of times the breakpoint
has been hit. This is especially useful in conjunction with the
`ignore' command. You can ignore a large number of breakpoint
hits, look at the breakpoint info to see how many times the
breakpoint was hit, and then run again, ignoring one less than
that number. This will get you quickly to the last hit of that
breakpoint.
GDB allows you to set any number of breakpoints at the same place in
your program. There is nothing silly or meaningless about this. When
the breakpoints are conditional, this is even useful (*note Break
Conditions: Conditions.).
It is possible that a breakpoint corresponds to several locations in
your program. Examples of this situation are:
* For a C++ constructor, the GCC compiler generates several
instances of the function body, used in different cases.
* For a C++ template function, a given line in the function can
correspond to any number of instantiations.
* For an inlined function, a given source line can correspond to
several places where that function is inlined.
In all those cases, GDB will insert a breakpoint at all the relevant
locations.
A breakpoint with multiple locations is displayed in the breakpoint
table using several rows--one header row, followed by one row for each
breakpoint location. The header row has `<MULTIPLE>' in the address
column. The rows for individual locations contain the actual addresses
for locations, and show the functions to which those locations belong.
The number column for a location is of the form
BREAKPOINT-NUMBER.LOCATION-NUMBER.
For example:
Num Type Disp Enb Address What
1 breakpoint keep y <MULTIPLE>
stop only if i==1
breakpoint already hit 1 time
1.1 y 0x080486a2 in void foo<int>() at t.cc:8
1.2 y 0x080486ca in void foo<double>() at t.cc:8
Each location can be individually enabled or disabled by passing
BREAKPOINT-NUMBER.LOCATION-NUMBER as argument to the `enable' and
`disable' commands. Note that you cannot delete the individual
locations from the list, you can only delete the entire list of
locations that belong to their parent breakpoint (with the `delete NUM'
command, where NUM is the number of the parent breakpoint, 1 in the
above example). Disabling or enabling the parent breakpoint (*note
Disabling::) affects all of the locations that belong to that
breakpoint.
It's quite common to have a breakpoint inside a shared library.
Shared libraries can be loaded and unloaded explicitly, and possibly
repeatedly, as the program is executed. To support this use case, GDB
updates breakpoint locations whenever any shared library is loaded or
unloaded. Typically, you would set a breakpoint in a shared library at
the beginning of your debugging session, when the library is not
loaded, and when the symbols from the library are not available. When
you try to set breakpoint, GDB will ask you if you want to set a so
called "pending breakpoint"--breakpoint whose address is not yet
resolved.
After the program is run, whenever a new shared library is loaded,
GDB reevaluates all the breakpoints. When a newly loaded shared
library contains the symbol or line referred to by some pending
breakpoint, that breakpoint is resolved and becomes an ordinary
breakpoint. When a library is unloaded, all breakpoints that refer to
its symbols or source lines become pending again.
This logic works for breakpoints with multiple locations, too. For
example, if you have a breakpoint in a C++ template function, and a
newly loaded shared library has an instantiation of that template, a
new location is added to the list of locations for the breakpoint.
Except for having unresolved address, pending breakpoints do not
differ from regular breakpoints. You can set conditions or commands,
enable and disable them and perform other breakpoint operations.
GDB provides some additional commands for controlling what happens
when the `break' command cannot resolve breakpoint address
specification to an address:
`set breakpoint pending auto'
This is the default behavior. When GDB cannot find the breakpoint
location, it queries you whether a pending breakpoint should be
created.
`set breakpoint pending on'
This indicates that an unrecognized breakpoint location should
automatically result in a pending breakpoint being created.
`set breakpoint pending off'
This indicates that pending breakpoints are not to be created. Any
unrecognized breakpoint location results in an error. This
setting does not affect any pending breakpoints previously created.
`show breakpoint pending'
Show the current behavior setting for creating pending breakpoints.
The settings above only affect the `break' command and its variants.
Once breakpoint is set, it will be automatically updated as shared
libraries are loaded and unloaded.
For some targets, GDB can automatically decide if hardware or
software breakpoints should be used, depending on whether the
breakpoint address is read-only or read-write. This applies to
breakpoints set with the `break' command as well as to internal
breakpoints set by commands like `next' and `finish'. For breakpoints
set with `hbreak', GDB will always use hardware breakpoints.
You can control this automatic behaviour with the following
commands::
`set breakpoint auto-hw on'
This is the default behavior. When GDB sets a breakpoint, it will
try to use the target memory map to decide if software or hardware
breakpoint must be used.
`set breakpoint auto-hw off'
This indicates GDB should not automatically select breakpoint
type. If the target provides a memory map, GDB will warn when
trying to set software breakpoint at a read-only address.
GDB itself sometimes sets breakpoints in your program for special
purposes, such as proper handling of `longjmp' (in C programs). These
internal breakpoints are assigned negative numbers, starting with `-1';
`info breakpoints' does not display them. You can see these
breakpoints with the GDB maintenance command `maint info breakpoints'
(*note maint info breakpoints::).

File: gdb.info, Node: Set Watchpoints, Next: Set Catchpoints, Prev: Set Breaks, Up: Breakpoints
5.1.2 Setting Watchpoints
-------------------------
You can use a watchpoint to stop execution whenever the value of an
expression changes, without having to predict a particular place where
this may happen. (This is sometimes called a "data breakpoint".) The
expression may be as simple as the value of a single variable, or as
complex as many variables combined by operators. Examples include:
* A reference to the value of a single variable.
* An address cast to an appropriate data type. For example, `*(int
*)0x12345678' will watch a 4-byte region at the specified address
(assuming an `int' occupies 4 bytes).
* An arbitrarily complex expression, such as `a*b + c/d'. The
expression can use any operators valid in the program's native
language (*note Languages::).
Depending on your system, watchpoints may be implemented in software
or hardware. GDB does software watchpointing by single-stepping your
program and testing the variable's value each time, which is hundreds of
times slower than normal execution. (But this may still be worth it, to
catch errors where you have no clue what part of your program is the
culprit.)
On some systems, such as HP-UX, PowerPC, GNU/Linux and most other
x86-based targets, GDB includes support for hardware watchpoints, which
do not slow down the running of your program.
`watch EXPR [thread THREADNUM]'
Set a watchpoint for an expression. GDB will break when the
expression EXPR is written into by the program and its value
changes. The simplest (and the most popular) use of this command
is to watch the value of a single variable:
(gdb) watch foo
If the command includes a `[thread THREADNUM]' clause, GDB breaks
only when the thread identified by THREADNUM changes the value of
EXPR. If any other threads change the value of EXPR, GDB will not
break. Note that watchpoints restricted to a single thread in
this way only work with Hardware Watchpoints.
`rwatch EXPR [thread THREADNUM]'
Set a watchpoint that will break when the value of EXPR is read by
the program.
`awatch EXPR [thread THREADNUM]'
Set a watchpoint that will break when EXPR is either read from or
written into by the program.
`info watchpoints'
This command prints a list of watchpoints, breakpoints, and
catchpoints; it is the same as `info break' (*note Set Breaks::).
GDB sets a "hardware watchpoint" if possible. Hardware watchpoints
execute very quickly, and the debugger reports a change in value at the
exact instruction where the change occurs. If GDB cannot set a
hardware watchpoint, it sets a software watchpoint, which executes more
slowly and reports the change in value at the next _statement_, not the
instruction, after the change occurs.
You can force GDB to use only software watchpoints with the `set
can-use-hw-watchpoints 0' command. With this variable set to zero, GDB
will never try to use hardware watchpoints, even if the underlying
system supports them. (Note that hardware-assisted watchpoints that
were set _before_ setting `can-use-hw-watchpoints' to zero will still
use the hardware mechanism of watching expression values.)
`set can-use-hw-watchpoints'
Set whether or not to use hardware watchpoints.
`show can-use-hw-watchpoints'
Show the current mode of using hardware watchpoints.
For remote targets, you can restrict the number of hardware
watchpoints GDB will use, see *Note set remote
hardware-breakpoint-limit::.
When you issue the `watch' command, GDB reports
Hardware watchpoint NUM: EXPR
if it was able to set a hardware watchpoint.
Currently, the `awatch' and `rwatch' commands can only set hardware
watchpoints, because accesses to data that don't change the value of
the watched expression cannot be detected without examining every
instruction as it is being executed, and GDB does not do that
currently. If GDB finds that it is unable to set a hardware breakpoint
with the `awatch' or `rwatch' command, it will print a message like
this:
Expression cannot be implemented with read/access watchpoint.
Sometimes, GDB cannot set a hardware watchpoint because the data
type of the watched expression is wider than what a hardware watchpoint
on the target machine can handle. For example, some systems can only
watch regions that are up to 4 bytes wide; on such systems you cannot
set hardware watchpoints for an expression that yields a
double-precision floating-point number (which is typically 8 bytes
wide). As a work-around, it might be possible to break the large region
into a series of smaller ones and watch them with separate watchpoints.
If you set too many hardware watchpoints, GDB might be unable to
insert all of them when you resume the execution of your program.
Since the precise number of active watchpoints is unknown until such
time as the program is about to be resumed, GDB might not be able to
warn you about this when you set the watchpoints, and the warning will
be printed only when the program is resumed:
Hardware watchpoint NUM: Could not insert watchpoint
If this happens, delete or disable some of the watchpoints.
Watching complex expressions that reference many variables can also
exhaust the resources available for hardware-assisted watchpoints.
That's because GDB needs to watch every variable in the expression with
separately allocated resources.
The SPARClite DSU will generate traps when a program accesses some
data or instruction address that is assigned to the debug registers.
For the data addresses, DSU facilitates the `watch' command. However
the hardware breakpoint registers can only take two data watchpoints,
and both watchpoints must be the same kind. For example, you can set
two watchpoints with `watch' commands, two with `rwatch' commands, *or*
two with `awatch' commands, but you cannot set one watchpoint with one
command and the other with a different command. GDB will reject the
command if you try to mix watchpoints. Delete or disable unused
watchpoint commands before setting new ones.
If you call a function interactively using `print' or `call', any
watchpoints you have set will be inactive until GDB reaches another
kind of breakpoint or the call completes.
GDB automatically deletes watchpoints that watch local (automatic)
variables, or expressions that involve such variables, when they go out
of scope, that is, when the execution leaves the block in which these
variables were defined. In particular, when the program being debugged
terminates, _all_ local variables go out of scope, and so only
watchpoints that watch global variables remain set. If you rerun the
program, you will need to set all such watchpoints again. One way of
doing that would be to set a code breakpoint at the entry to the `main'
function and when it breaks, set all the watchpoints.
In multi-threaded programs, watchpoints will detect changes to the
watched expression from every thread.
_Warning:_ In multi-threaded programs, software watchpoints have
only limited usefulness. If GDB creates a software watchpoint, it
can only watch the value of an expression _in a single thread_.
If you are confident that the expression can only change due to
the current thread's activity (and if you are also confident that
no other thread can become current), then you can use software
watchpoints as usual. However, GDB may not notice when a
non-current thread's activity changes the expression. (Hardware
watchpoints, in contrast, watch an expression in all threads.)
*Note set remote hardware-watchpoint-limit::.

File: gdb.info, Node: Set Catchpoints, Next: Delete Breaks, Prev: Set Watchpoints, Up: Breakpoints
5.1.3 Setting Catchpoints
-------------------------
You can use "catchpoints" to cause the debugger to stop for certain
kinds of program events, such as C++ exceptions or the loading of a
shared library. Use the `catch' command to set a catchpoint.
`catch EVENT'
Stop when EVENT occurs. EVENT can be any of the following:
`throw'
The throwing of a C++ exception.
`catch'
The catching of a C++ exception.
`exception'
An Ada exception being raised. If an exception name is
specified at the end of the command (eg `catch exception
Program_Error'), the debugger will stop only when this
specific exception is raised. Otherwise, the debugger stops
execution when any Ada exception is raised.
`exception unhandled'
An exception that was raised but is not handled by the
program.
`assert'
A failed Ada assertion.
`exec'
A call to `exec'. This is currently only available for HP-UX
and GNU/Linux.
`fork'
A call to `fork'. This is currently only available for HP-UX
and GNU/Linux.
`vfork'
A call to `vfork'. This is currently only available for HP-UX
and GNU/Linux.
`load'
`load LIBNAME'
The dynamic loading of any shared library, or the loading of
the library LIBNAME. This is currently only available for
HP-UX.
`unload'
`unload LIBNAME'
The unloading of any dynamically loaded shared library, or
the unloading of the library LIBNAME. This is currently only
available for HP-UX.
`tcatch EVENT'
Set a catchpoint that is enabled only for one stop. The
catchpoint is automatically deleted after the first time the event
is caught.
Use the `info break' command to list the current catchpoints.
There are currently some limitations to C++ exception handling
(`catch throw' and `catch catch') in GDB:
* If you call a function interactively, GDB normally returns control
to you when the function has finished executing. If the call
raises an exception, however, the call may bypass the mechanism
that returns control to you and cause your program either to abort
or to simply continue running until it hits a breakpoint, catches
a signal that GDB is listening for, or exits. This is the case
even if you set a catchpoint for the exception; catchpoints on
exceptions are disabled within interactive calls.
* You cannot raise an exception interactively.
* You cannot install an exception handler interactively.
Sometimes `catch' is not the best way to debug exception handling:
if you need to know exactly where an exception is raised, it is better
to stop _before_ the exception handler is called, since that way you
can see the stack before any unwinding takes place. If you set a
breakpoint in an exception handler instead, it may not be easy to find
out where the exception was raised.
To stop just before an exception handler is called, you need some
knowledge of the implementation. In the case of GNU C++, exceptions are
raised by calling a library function named `__raise_exception' which
has the following ANSI C interface:
/* ADDR is where the exception identifier is stored.
ID is the exception identifier. */
void __raise_exception (void **addr, void *id);
To make the debugger catch all exceptions before any stack unwinding
takes place, set a breakpoint on `__raise_exception' (*note
Breakpoints; Watchpoints; and Exceptions: Breakpoints.).
With a conditional breakpoint (*note Break Conditions: Conditions.)
that depends on the value of ID, you can stop your program when a
specific exception is raised. You can use multiple conditional
breakpoints to stop your program when any of a number of exceptions are
raised.

File: gdb.info, Node: Delete Breaks, Next: Disabling, Prev: Set Catchpoints, Up: Breakpoints
5.1.4 Deleting Breakpoints
--------------------------
It is often necessary to eliminate a breakpoint, watchpoint, or
catchpoint once it has done its job and you no longer want your program
to stop there. This is called "deleting" the breakpoint. A breakpoint
that has been deleted no longer exists; it is forgotten.
With the `clear' command you can delete breakpoints according to
where they are in your program. With the `delete' command you can
delete individual breakpoints, watchpoints, or catchpoints by specifying
their breakpoint numbers.
It is not necessary to delete a breakpoint to proceed past it. GDB
automatically ignores breakpoints on the first instruction to be
executed when you continue execution without changing the execution
address.
`clear'
Delete any breakpoints at the next instruction to be executed in
the selected stack frame (*note Selecting a Frame: Selection.).
When the innermost frame is selected, this is a good way to delete
a breakpoint where your program just stopped.
`clear LOCATION'
Delete any breakpoints set at the specified LOCATION. *Note
Specify Location::, for the various forms of LOCATION; the most
useful ones are listed below:
`clear FUNCTION'
`clear FILENAME:FUNCTION'
Delete any breakpoints set at entry to the named FUNCTION.
`clear LINENUM'
`clear FILENAME:LINENUM'
Delete any breakpoints set at or within the code of the
specified LINENUM of the specified FILENAME.
`delete [breakpoints] [RANGE...]'
Delete the breakpoints, watchpoints, or catchpoints of the
breakpoint ranges specified as arguments. If no argument is
specified, delete all breakpoints (GDB asks confirmation, unless
you have `set confirm off'). You can abbreviate this command as
`d'.

File: gdb.info, Node: Disabling, Next: Conditions, Prev: Delete Breaks, Up: Breakpoints
5.1.5 Disabling Breakpoints
---------------------------
Rather than deleting a breakpoint, watchpoint, or catchpoint, you might
prefer to "disable" it. This makes the breakpoint inoperative as if it
had been deleted, but remembers the information on the breakpoint so
that you can "enable" it again later.
You disable and enable breakpoints, watchpoints, and catchpoints with
the `enable' and `disable' commands, optionally specifying one or more
breakpoint numbers as arguments. Use `info break' or `info watch' to
print a list of breakpoints, watchpoints, and catchpoints if you do not
know which numbers to use.
Disabling and enabling a breakpoint that has multiple locations
affects all of its locations.
A breakpoint, watchpoint, or catchpoint can have any of four
different states of enablement:
* Enabled. The breakpoint stops your program. A breakpoint set
with the `break' command starts out in this state.
* Disabled. The breakpoint has no effect on your program.
* Enabled once. The breakpoint stops your program, but then becomes
disabled.
* Enabled for deletion. The breakpoint stops your program, but
immediately after it does so it is deleted permanently. A
breakpoint set with the `tbreak' command starts out in this state.
You can use the following commands to enable or disable breakpoints,
watchpoints, and catchpoints:
`disable [breakpoints] [RANGE...]'
Disable the specified breakpoints--or all breakpoints, if none are
listed. A disabled breakpoint has no effect but is not forgotten.
All options such as ignore-counts, conditions and commands are
remembered in case the breakpoint is enabled again later. You may
abbreviate `disable' as `dis'.
`enable [breakpoints] [RANGE...]'
Enable the specified breakpoints (or all defined breakpoints).
They become effective once again in stopping your program.
`enable [breakpoints] once RANGE...'
Enable the specified breakpoints temporarily. GDB disables any of
these breakpoints immediately after stopping your program.
`enable [breakpoints] delete RANGE...'
Enable the specified breakpoints to work once, then die. GDB
deletes any of these breakpoints as soon as your program stops
there. Breakpoints set by the `tbreak' command start out in this
state.
Except for a breakpoint set with `tbreak' (*note Setting
Breakpoints: Set Breaks.), breakpoints that you set are initially
enabled; subsequently, they become disabled or enabled only when you
use one of the commands above. (The command `until' can set and delete
a breakpoint of its own, but it does not change the state of your other
breakpoints; see *Note Continuing and Stepping: Continuing and
Stepping.)

File: gdb.info, Node: Conditions, Next: Break Commands, Prev: Disabling, Up: Breakpoints
5.1.6 Break Conditions
----------------------
The simplest sort of breakpoint breaks every time your program reaches a
specified place. You can also specify a "condition" for a breakpoint.
A condition is just a Boolean expression in your programming language
(*note Expressions: Expressions.). A breakpoint with a condition
evaluates the expression each time your program reaches it, and your
program stops only if the condition is _true_.
This is the converse of using assertions for program validation; in
that situation, you want to stop when the assertion is violated--that
is, when the condition is false. In C, if you want to test an
assertion expressed by the condition ASSERT, you should set the
condition `! ASSERT' on the appropriate breakpoint.
Conditions are also accepted for watchpoints; you may not need them,
since a watchpoint is inspecting the value of an expression anyhow--but
it might be simpler, say, to just set a watchpoint on a variable name,
and specify a condition that tests whether the new value is an
interesting one.
Break conditions can have side effects, and may even call functions
in your program. This can be useful, for example, to activate functions
that log program progress, or to use your own print functions to format
special data structures. The effects are completely predictable unless
there is another enabled breakpoint at the same address. (In that
case, GDB might see the other breakpoint first and stop your program
without checking the condition of this one.) Note that breakpoint
commands are usually more convenient and flexible than break conditions
for the purpose of performing side effects when a breakpoint is reached
(*note Breakpoint Command Lists: Break Commands.).
Break conditions can be specified when a breakpoint is set, by using
`if' in the arguments to the `break' command. *Note Setting
Breakpoints: Set Breaks. They can also be changed at any time with the
`condition' command.
You can also use the `if' keyword with the `watch' command. The
`catch' command does not recognize the `if' keyword; `condition' is the
only way to impose a further condition on a catchpoint.
`condition BNUM EXPRESSION'
Specify EXPRESSION as the break condition for breakpoint,
watchpoint, or catchpoint number BNUM. After you set a condition,
breakpoint BNUM stops your program only if the value of EXPRESSION
is true (nonzero, in C). When you use `condition', GDB checks
EXPRESSION immediately for syntactic correctness, and to determine
whether symbols in it have referents in the context of your
breakpoint. If EXPRESSION uses symbols not referenced in the
context of the breakpoint, GDB prints an error message:
No symbol "foo" in current context.
GDB does not actually evaluate EXPRESSION at the time the
`condition' command (or a command that sets a breakpoint with a
condition, like `break if ...') is given, however. *Note
Expressions: Expressions.
`condition BNUM'
Remove the condition from breakpoint number BNUM. It becomes an
ordinary unconditional breakpoint.
A special case of a breakpoint condition is to stop only when the
breakpoint has been reached a certain number of times. This is so
useful that there is a special way to do it, using the "ignore count"
of the breakpoint. Every breakpoint has an ignore count, which is an
integer. Most of the time, the ignore count is zero, and therefore has
no effect. But if your program reaches a breakpoint whose ignore count
is positive, then instead of stopping, it just decrements the ignore
count by one and continues. As a result, if the ignore count value is
N, the breakpoint does not stop the next N times your program reaches
it.
`ignore BNUM COUNT'
Set the ignore count of breakpoint number BNUM to COUNT. The next
COUNT times the breakpoint is reached, your program's execution
does not stop; other than to decrement the ignore count, GDB takes
no action.
To make the breakpoint stop the next time it is reached, specify a
count of zero.
When you use `continue' to resume execution of your program from a
breakpoint, you can specify an ignore count directly as an
argument to `continue', rather than using `ignore'. *Note
Continuing and Stepping: Continuing and Stepping.
If a breakpoint has a positive ignore count and a condition, the
condition is not checked. Once the ignore count reaches zero, GDB
resumes checking the condition.
You could achieve the effect of the ignore count with a condition
such as `$foo-- <= 0' using a debugger convenience variable that
is decremented each time. *Note Convenience Variables:
Convenience Vars.
Ignore counts apply to breakpoints, watchpoints, and catchpoints.

File: gdb.info, Node: Break Commands, Next: Breakpoint Menus, Prev: Conditions, Up: Breakpoints
5.1.7 Breakpoint Command Lists
------------------------------
You can give any breakpoint (or watchpoint or catchpoint) a series of
commands to execute when your program stops due to that breakpoint. For
example, you might want to print the values of certain expressions, or
enable other breakpoints.
`commands [BNUM]'
`... COMMAND-LIST ...'
`end'
Specify a list of commands for breakpoint number BNUM. The
commands themselves appear on the following lines. Type a line
containing just `end' to terminate the commands.
To remove all commands from a breakpoint, type `commands' and
follow it immediately with `end'; that is, give no commands.
With no BNUM argument, `commands' refers to the last breakpoint,
watchpoint, or catchpoint set (not to the breakpoint most recently
encountered).
Pressing <RET> as a means of repeating the last GDB command is
disabled within a COMMAND-LIST.
You can use breakpoint commands to start your program up again.
Simply use the `continue' command, or `step', or any other command that
resumes execution.
Any other commands in the command list, after a command that resumes
execution, are ignored. This is because any time you resume execution
(even with a simple `next' or `step'), you may encounter another
breakpoint--which could have its own command list, leading to
ambiguities about which list to execute.
If the first command you specify in a command list is `silent', the
usual message about stopping at a breakpoint is not printed. This may
be desirable for breakpoints that are to print a specific message and
then continue. If none of the remaining commands print anything, you
see no sign that the breakpoint was reached. `silent' is meaningful
only at the beginning of a breakpoint command list.
The commands `echo', `output', and `printf' allow you to print
precisely controlled output, and are often useful in silent
breakpoints. *Note Commands for Controlled Output: Output.
For example, here is how you could use breakpoint commands to print
the value of `x' at entry to `foo' whenever `x' is positive.
break foo if x>0
commands
silent
printf "x is %d\n",x
cont
end
One application for breakpoint commands is to compensate for one bug
so you can test for another. Put a breakpoint just after the erroneous
line of code, give it a condition to detect the case in which something
erroneous has been done, and give it commands to assign correct values
to any variables that need them. End with the `continue' command so
that your program does not stop, and start with the `silent' command so
that no output is produced. Here is an example:
break 403
commands
silent
set x = y + 4
cont
end

File: gdb.info, Node: Breakpoint Menus, Next: Error in Breakpoints, Prev: Break Commands, Up: Breakpoints
5.1.8 Breakpoint Menus
----------------------
Some programming languages (notably C++ and Objective-C) permit a
single function name to be defined several times, for application in
different contexts. This is called "overloading". When a function
name is overloaded, `break FUNCTION' is not enough to tell GDB where
you want a breakpoint. You can use explicit signature of the function,
as in `break FUNCTION(TYPES)', to specify which particular version of
the function you want. Otherwise, GDB offers you a menu of numbered
choices for different possible breakpoints, and waits for your
selection with the prompt `>'. The first two options are always `[0]
cancel' and `[1] all'. Typing `1' sets a breakpoint at each definition
of FUNCTION, and typing `0' aborts the `break' command without setting
any new breakpoints.
For example, the following session excerpt shows an attempt to set a
breakpoint at the overloaded symbol `String::after'. We choose three
particular definitions of that function name:
(gdb) b String::after
[0] cancel
[1] all
[2] file:String.cc; line number:867
[3] file:String.cc; line number:860
[4] file:String.cc; line number:875
[5] file:String.cc; line number:853
[6] file:String.cc; line number:846
[7] file:String.cc; line number:735
> 2 4 6
Breakpoint 1 at 0xb26c: file String.cc, line 867.
Breakpoint 2 at 0xb344: file String.cc, line 875.
Breakpoint 3 at 0xafcc: file String.cc, line 846.
Multiple breakpoints were set.
Use the "delete" command to delete unwanted
breakpoints.
(gdb)

File: gdb.info, Node: Error in Breakpoints, Next: Breakpoint-related Warnings, Prev: Breakpoint Menus, Up: Breakpoints
5.1.9 "Cannot insert breakpoints"
---------------------------------
Under some operating systems, breakpoints cannot be used in a program if
any other process is running that program. In this situation,
attempting to run or continue a program with a breakpoint causes GDB to
print an error message:
Cannot insert breakpoints.
The same program may be running in another process.
When this happens, you have three ways to proceed:
1. Remove or disable the breakpoints, then continue.
2. Suspend GDB, and copy the file containing your program to a new
name. Resume GDB and use the `exec-file' command to specify that
GDB should run your program under that name. Then start your
program again.
3. Relink your program so that the text segment is nonsharable, using
the linker option `-N'. The operating system limitation may not
apply to nonsharable executables.
A similar message can be printed if you request too many active
hardware-assisted breakpoints and watchpoints:
Stopped; cannot insert breakpoints.
You may have requested too many hardware breakpoints and watchpoints.
This message is printed when you attempt to resume the program, since
only then GDB knows exactly how many hardware breakpoints and
watchpoints it needs to insert.
When this message is printed, you need to disable or remove some of
the hardware-assisted breakpoints and watchpoints, and then continue.

File: gdb.info, Node: Breakpoint-related Warnings, Prev: Error in Breakpoints, Up: Breakpoints
5.1.10 "Breakpoint address adjusted..."
---------------------------------------
Some processor architectures place constraints on the addresses at
which breakpoints may be placed. For architectures thus constrained,
GDB will attempt to adjust the breakpoint's address to comply with the
constraints dictated by the architecture.
One example of such an architecture is the Fujitsu FR-V. The FR-V is
a VLIW architecture in which a number of RISC-like instructions may be
bundled together for parallel execution. The FR-V architecture
constrains the location of a breakpoint instruction within such a
bundle to the instruction with the lowest address. GDB honors this
constraint by adjusting a breakpoint's address to the first in the
bundle.
It is not uncommon for optimized code to have bundles which contain
instructions from different source statements, thus it may happen that
a breakpoint's address will be adjusted from one source statement to
another. Since this adjustment may significantly alter GDB's
breakpoint related behavior from what the user expects, a warning is
printed when the breakpoint is first set and also when the breakpoint
is hit.
A warning like the one below is printed when setting a breakpoint
that's been subject to address adjustment:
warning: Breakpoint address adjusted from 0x00010414 to 0x00010410.
Such warnings are printed both for user settable and GDB's internal
breakpoints. If you see one of these warnings, you should verify that
a breakpoint set at the adjusted address will have the desired affect.
If not, the breakpoint in question may be removed and other breakpoints
may be set which will have the desired behavior. E.g., it may be
sufficient to place the breakpoint at a later instruction. A
conditional breakpoint may also be useful in some cases to prevent the
breakpoint from triggering too often.
GDB will also issue a warning when stopping at one of these adjusted
breakpoints:
warning: Breakpoint 1 address previously adjusted from 0x00010414
to 0x00010410.
When this warning is encountered, it may be too late to take remedial
action except in cases where the breakpoint is hit earlier or more
frequently than expected.

File: gdb.info, Node: Continuing and Stepping, Next: Signals, Prev: Breakpoints, Up: Stopping
5.2 Continuing and Stepping
===========================
"Continuing" means resuming program execution until your program
completes normally. In contrast, "stepping" means executing just one
more "step" of your program, where "step" may mean either one line of
source code, or one machine instruction (depending on what particular
command you use). Either when continuing or when stepping, your
program may stop even sooner, due to a breakpoint or a signal. (If it
stops due to a signal, you may want to use `handle', or use `signal 0'
to resume execution. *Note Signals: Signals.)
`continue [IGNORE-COUNT]'
`c [IGNORE-COUNT]'
`fg [IGNORE-COUNT]'
Resume program execution, at the address where your program last
stopped; any breakpoints set at that address are bypassed. The
optional argument IGNORE-COUNT allows you to specify a further
number of times to ignore a breakpoint at this location; its
effect is like that of `ignore' (*note Break Conditions:
Conditions.).
The argument IGNORE-COUNT is meaningful only when your program
stopped due to a breakpoint. At other times, the argument to
`continue' is ignored.
The synonyms `c' and `fg' (for "foreground", as the debugged
program is deemed to be the foreground program) are provided
purely for convenience, and have exactly the same behavior as
`continue'.
To resume execution at a different place, you can use `return'
(*note Returning from a Function: Returning.) to go back to the calling
function; or `jump' (*note Continuing at a Different Address: Jumping.)
to go to an arbitrary location in your program.
A typical technique for using stepping is to set a breakpoint (*note
Breakpoints; Watchpoints; and Catchpoints: Breakpoints.) at the
beginning of the function or the section of your program where a problem
is believed to lie, run your program until it stops at that breakpoint,
and then step through the suspect area, examining the variables that are
interesting, until you see the problem happen.
`step'
Continue running your program until control reaches a different
source line, then stop it and return control to GDB. This command
is abbreviated `s'.
_Warning:_ If you use the `step' command while control is
within a function that was compiled without debugging
information, execution proceeds until control reaches a
function that does have debugging information. Likewise, it
will not step into a function which is compiled without
debugging information. To step through functions without
debugging information, use the `stepi' command, described
below.
The `step' command only stops at the first instruction of a source
line. This prevents the multiple stops that could otherwise occur
in `switch' statements, `for' loops, etc. `step' continues to
stop if a function that has debugging information is called within
the line. In other words, `step' _steps inside_ any functions
called within the line.
Also, the `step' command only enters a function if there is line
number information for the function. Otherwise it acts like the
`next' command. This avoids problems when using `cc -gl' on MIPS
machines. Previously, `step' entered subroutines if there was any
debugging information about the routine.
`step COUNT'
Continue running as in `step', but do so COUNT times. If a
breakpoint is reached, or a signal not related to stepping occurs
before COUNT steps, stepping stops right away.
`next [COUNT]'
Continue to the next source line in the current (innermost) stack
frame. This is similar to `step', but function calls that appear
within the line of code are executed without stopping. Execution
stops when control reaches a different line of code at the
original stack level that was executing when you gave the `next'
command. This command is abbreviated `n'.
An argument COUNT is a repeat count, as for `step'.
The `next' command only stops at the first instruction of a source
line. This prevents multiple stops that could otherwise occur in
`switch' statements, `for' loops, etc.
`set step-mode'
`set step-mode on'
The `set step-mode on' command causes the `step' command to stop
at the first instruction of a function which contains no debug line
information rather than stepping over it.
This is useful in cases where you may be interested in inspecting
the machine instructions of a function which has no symbolic info
and do not want GDB to automatically skip over this function.
`set step-mode off'
Causes the `step' command to step over any functions which
contains no debug information. This is the default.
`show step-mode'
Show whether GDB will stop in or step over functions without
source line debug information.
`finish'
Continue running until just after function in the selected stack
frame returns. Print the returned value (if any).
Contrast this with the `return' command (*note Returning from a
Function: Returning.).
`until'
`u'
Continue running until a source line past the current line, in the
current stack frame, is reached. This command is used to avoid
single stepping through a loop more than once. It is like the
`next' command, except that when `until' encounters a jump, it
automatically continues execution until the program counter is
greater than the address of the jump.
This means that when you reach the end of a loop after single
stepping though it, `until' makes your program continue execution
until it exits the loop. In contrast, a `next' command at the end
of a loop simply steps back to the beginning of the loop, which
forces you to step through the next iteration.
`until' always stops your program if it attempts to exit the
current stack frame.
`until' may produce somewhat counterintuitive results if the order
of machine code does not match the order of the source lines. For
example, in the following excerpt from a debugging session, the `f'
(`frame') command shows that execution is stopped at line `206';
yet when we use `until', we get to line `195':
(gdb) f
#0 main (argc=4, argv=0xf7fffae8) at m4.c:206
206 expand_input();
(gdb) until
195 for ( ; argc > 0; NEXTARG) {
This happened because, for execution efficiency, the compiler had
generated code for the loop closure test at the end, rather than
the start, of the loop--even though the test in a C `for'-loop is
written before the body of the loop. The `until' command appeared
to step back to the beginning of the loop when it advanced to this
expression; however, it has not really gone to an earlier
statement--not in terms of the actual machine code.
`until' with no argument works by means of single instruction
stepping, and hence is slower than `until' with an argument.
`until LOCATION'
`u LOCATION'
Continue running your program until either the specified location
is reached, or the current stack frame returns. LOCATION is any of
the forms described in *Note Specify Location::. This form of the
command uses temporary breakpoints, and hence is quicker than
`until' without an argument. The specified location is actually
reached only if it is in the current frame. This implies that
`until' can be used to skip over recursive function invocations.
For instance in the code below, if the current location is line
`96', issuing `until 99' will execute the program up to line `99'
in the same invocation of factorial, i.e., after the inner
invocations have returned.
94 int factorial (int value)
95 {
96 if (value > 1) {
97 value *= factorial (value - 1);
98 }
99 return (value);
100 }
`advance LOCATION'
Continue running the program up to the given LOCATION. An
argument is required, which should be of one of the forms
described in *Note Specify Location::. Execution will also stop
upon exit from the current stack frame. This command is similar
to `until', but `advance' will not skip over recursive function
calls, and the target location doesn't have to be in the same
frame as the current one.
`stepi'
`stepi ARG'
`si'
Execute one machine instruction, then stop and return to the
debugger.
It is often useful to do `display/i $pc' when stepping by machine
instructions. This makes GDB automatically display the next
instruction to be executed, each time your program stops. *Note
Automatic Display: Auto Display.
An argument is a repeat count, as in `step'.
`nexti'
`nexti ARG'
`ni'
Execute one machine instruction, but if it is a function call,
proceed until the function returns.
An argument is a repeat count, as in `next'.

File: gdb.info, Node: Signals, Next: Thread Stops, Prev: Continuing and Stepping, Up: Stopping
5.3 Signals
===========
A signal is an asynchronous event that can happen in a program. The
operating system defines the possible kinds of signals, and gives each
kind a name and a number. For example, in Unix `SIGINT' is the signal
a program gets when you type an interrupt character (often `Ctrl-c');
`SIGSEGV' is the signal a program gets from referencing a place in
memory far away from all the areas in use; `SIGALRM' occurs when the
alarm clock timer goes off (which happens only if your program has
requested an alarm).
Some signals, including `SIGALRM', are a normal part of the
functioning of your program. Others, such as `SIGSEGV', indicate
errors; these signals are "fatal" (they kill your program immediately)
if the program has not specified in advance some other way to handle
the signal. `SIGINT' does not indicate an error in your program, but
it is normally fatal so it can carry out the purpose of the interrupt:
to kill the program.
GDB has the ability to detect any occurrence of a signal in your
program. You can tell GDB in advance what to do for each kind of
signal.
Normally, GDB is set up to let the non-erroneous signals like
`SIGALRM' be silently passed to your program (so as not to interfere
with their role in the program's functioning) but to stop your program
immediately whenever an error signal happens. You can change these
settings with the `handle' command.
`info signals'
`info handle'
Print a table of all the kinds of signals and how GDB has been
told to handle each one. You can use this to see the signal
numbers of all the defined types of signals.
`info signals SIG'
Similar, but print information only about the specified signal
number.
`info handle' is an alias for `info signals'.
`handle SIGNAL [KEYWORDS...]'
Change the way GDB handles signal SIGNAL. SIGNAL can be the
number of a signal or its name (with or without the `SIG' at the
beginning); a list of signal numbers of the form `LOW-HIGH'; or
the word `all', meaning all the known signals. Optional arguments
KEYWORDS, described below, say what change to make.
The keywords allowed by the `handle' command can be abbreviated.
Their full names are:
`nostop'
GDB should not stop your program when this signal happens. It may
still print a message telling you that the signal has come in.
`stop'
GDB should stop your program when this signal happens. This
implies the `print' keyword as well.
`print'
GDB should print a message when this signal happens.
`noprint'
GDB should not mention the occurrence of the signal at all. This
implies the `nostop' keyword as well.
`pass'
`noignore'
GDB should allow your program to see this signal; your program can
handle the signal, or else it may terminate if the signal is fatal
and not handled. `pass' and `noignore' are synonyms.
`nopass'
`ignore'
GDB should not allow your program to see this signal. `nopass'
and `ignore' are synonyms.
When a signal stops your program, the signal is not visible to the
program until you continue. Your program sees the signal then, if
`pass' is in effect for the signal in question _at that time_. In
other words, after GDB reports a signal, you can use the `handle'
command with `pass' or `nopass' to control whether your program sees
that signal when you continue.
The default is set to `nostop', `noprint', `pass' for non-erroneous
signals such as `SIGALRM', `SIGWINCH' and `SIGCHLD', and to `stop',
`print', `pass' for the erroneous signals.
You can also use the `signal' command to prevent your program from
seeing a signal, or cause it to see a signal it normally would not see,
or to give it any signal at any time. For example, if your program
stopped due to some sort of memory reference error, you might store
correct values into the erroneous variables and continue, hoping to see
more execution; but your program would probably terminate immediately as
a result of the fatal signal once it saw the signal. To prevent this,
you can continue with `signal 0'. *Note Giving your Program a Signal:
Signaling.

File: gdb.info, Node: Thread Stops, Prev: Signals, Up: Stopping
5.4 Stopping and Starting Multi-thread Programs
===============================================
When your program has multiple threads (*note Debugging Programs with
Multiple Threads: Threads.), you can choose whether to set breakpoints
on all threads, or on a particular thread.
`break LINESPEC thread THREADNO'
`break LINESPEC thread THREADNO if ...'
LINESPEC specifies source lines; there are several ways of writing
them (*note Specify Location::), but the effect is always to
specify some source line.
Use the qualifier `thread THREADNO' with a breakpoint command to
specify that you only want GDB to stop the program when a
particular thread reaches this breakpoint. THREADNO is one of the
numeric thread identifiers assigned by GDB, shown in the first
column of the `info threads' display.
If you do not specify `thread THREADNO' when you set a breakpoint,
the breakpoint applies to _all_ threads of your program.
You can use the `thread' qualifier on conditional breakpoints as
well; in this case, place `thread THREADNO' before the breakpoint
condition, like this:
(gdb) break frik.c:13 thread 28 if bartab > lim
Whenever your program stops under GDB for any reason, _all_ threads
of execution stop, not just the current thread. This allows you to
examine the overall state of the program, including switching between
threads, without worrying that things may change underfoot.
There is an unfortunate side effect. If one thread stops for a
breakpoint, or for some other reason, and another thread is blocked in a
system call, then the system call may return prematurely. This is a
consequence of the interaction between multiple threads and the signals
that GDB uses to implement breakpoints and other events that stop
execution.
To handle this problem, your program should check the return value of
each system call and react appropriately. This is good programming
style anyways.
For example, do not write code like this:
sleep (10);
The call to `sleep' will return early if a different thread stops at
a breakpoint or for some other reason.
Instead, write this:
int unslept = 10;
while (unslept > 0)
unslept = sleep (unslept);
A system call is allowed to return early, so the system is still
conforming to its specification. But GDB does cause your
multi-threaded program to behave differently than it would without GDB.
Also, GDB uses internal breakpoints in the thread library to monitor
certain events such as thread creation and thread destruction. When
such an event happens, a system call in another thread may return
prematurely, even though your program does not appear to stop.
Conversely, whenever you restart the program, _all_ threads start
executing. _This is true even when single-stepping_ with commands like
`step' or `next'.
In particular, GDB cannot single-step all threads in lockstep.
Since thread scheduling is up to your debugging target's operating
system (not controlled by GDB), other threads may execute more than one
statement while the current thread completes a single step. Moreover,
in general other threads stop in the middle of a statement, rather than
at a clean statement boundary, when the program stops.
You might even find your program stopped in another thread after
continuing or even single-stepping. This happens whenever some other
thread runs into a breakpoint, a signal, or an exception before the
first thread completes whatever you requested.
On some OSes, you can lock the OS scheduler and thus allow only a
single thread to run.
`set scheduler-locking MODE'
Set the scheduler locking mode. If it is `off', then there is no
locking and any thread may run at any time. If `on', then only the
current thread may run when the inferior is resumed. The `step'
mode optimizes for single-stepping. It stops other threads from
"seizing the prompt" by preempting the current thread while you are
stepping. Other threads will only rarely (or never) get a chance
to run when you step. They are more likely to run when you `next'
over a function call, and they are completely free to run when you
use commands like `continue', `until', or `finish'. However,
unless another thread hits a breakpoint during its timeslice, they
will never steal the GDB prompt away from the thread that you are
debugging.
`show scheduler-locking'
Display the current scheduler locking mode.

File: gdb.info, Node: Stack, Next: Source, Prev: Stopping, Up: Top
6 Examining the Stack
*********************
When your program has stopped, the first thing you need to know is
where it stopped and how it got there.
Each time your program performs a function call, information about
the call is generated. That information includes the location of the
call in your program, the arguments of the call, and the local
variables of the function being called. The information is saved in a
block of data called a "stack frame". The stack frames are allocated
in a region of memory called the "call stack".
When your program stops, the GDB commands for examining the stack
allow you to see all of this information.
One of the stack frames is "selected" by GDB and many GDB commands
refer implicitly to the selected frame. In particular, whenever you
ask GDB for the value of a variable in your program, the value is found
in the selected frame. There are special GDB commands to select
whichever frame you are interested in. *Note Selecting a Frame:
Selection.
When your program stops, GDB automatically selects the currently
executing frame and describes it briefly, similar to the `frame'
command (*note Information about a Frame: Frame Info.).
* Menu:
* Frames:: Stack frames
* Backtrace:: Backtraces
* Selection:: Selecting a frame
* Frame Info:: Information on a frame

File: gdb.info, Node: Frames, Next: Backtrace, Up: Stack
6.1 Stack Frames
================
The call stack is divided up into contiguous pieces called "stack
frames", or "frames" for short; each frame is the data associated with
one call to one function. The frame contains the arguments given to
the function, the function's local variables, and the address at which
the function is executing.
When your program is started, the stack has only one frame, that of
the function `main'. This is called the "initial" frame or the
"outermost" frame. Each time a function is called, a new frame is
made. Each time a function returns, the frame for that function
invocation is eliminated. If a function is recursive, there can be
many frames for the same function. The frame for the function in which
execution is actually occurring is called the "innermost" frame. This
is the most recently created of all the stack frames that still exist.
Inside your program, stack frames are identified by their addresses.
A stack frame consists of many bytes, each of which has its own
address; each kind of computer has a convention for choosing one byte
whose address serves as the address of the frame. Usually this address
is kept in a register called the "frame pointer register" (*note $fp:
Registers.) while execution is going on in that frame.
GDB assigns numbers to all existing stack frames, starting with zero
for the innermost frame, one for the frame that called it, and so on
upward. These numbers do not really exist in your program; they are
assigned by GDB to give you a way of designating stack frames in GDB
commands.
Some compilers provide a way to compile functions so that they
operate without stack frames. (For example, the GCC option
`-fomit-frame-pointer'
generates functions without a frame.) This is occasionally done
with heavily used library functions to save the frame setup time. GDB
has limited facilities for dealing with these function invocations. If
the innermost function invocation has no stack frame, GDB nevertheless
regards it as though it had a separate frame, which is numbered zero as
usual, allowing correct tracing of the function call chain. However,
GDB has no provision for frameless functions elsewhere in the stack.
`frame ARGS'
The `frame' command allows you to move from one stack frame to
another, and to print the stack frame you select. ARGS may be
either the address of the frame or the stack frame number.
Without an argument, `frame' prints the current stack frame.
`select-frame'
The `select-frame' command allows you to move from one stack frame
to another without printing the frame. This is the silent version
of `frame'.

File: gdb.info, Node: Backtrace, Next: Selection, Prev: Frames, Up: Stack
6.2 Backtraces
==============
A backtrace is a summary of how your program got where it is. It shows
one line per frame, for many frames, starting with the currently
executing frame (frame zero), followed by its caller (frame one), and
on up the stack.
`backtrace'
`bt'
Print a backtrace of the entire stack: one line per frame for all
frames in the stack.
You can stop the backtrace at any time by typing the system
interrupt character, normally `Ctrl-c'.
`backtrace N'
`bt N'
Similar, but print only the innermost N frames.
`backtrace -N'
`bt -N'
Similar, but print only the outermost N frames.
`backtrace full'
`bt full'
`bt full N'
`bt full -N'
Print the values of the local variables also. N specifies the
number of frames to print, as described above.
The names `where' and `info stack' (abbreviated `info s') are
additional aliases for `backtrace'.
In a multi-threaded program, GDB by default shows the backtrace only
for the current thread. To display the backtrace for several or all of
the threads, use the command `thread apply' (*note thread apply:
Threads.). For example, if you type `thread apply all backtrace', GDB
will display the backtrace for all the threads; this is handy when you
debug a core dump of a multi-threaded program.
Each line in the backtrace shows the frame number and the function
name. The program counter value is also shown--unless you use `set
print address off'. The backtrace also shows the source file name and
line number, as well as the arguments to the function. The program
counter value is omitted if it is at the beginning of the code for that
line number.
Here is an example of a backtrace. It was made with the command `bt
3', so it shows the innermost three frames.
#0 m4_traceon (obs=0x24eb0, argc=1, argv=0x2b8c8)
at builtin.c:993
#1 0x6e38 in expand_macro (sym=0x2b600) at macro.c:242
#2 0x6840 in expand_token (obs=0x0, t=177664, td=0xf7fffb08)
at macro.c:71
(More stack frames follow...)
The display for frame zero does not begin with a program counter value,
indicating that your program has stopped at the beginning of the code
for line `993' of `builtin.c'.
If your program was compiled with optimizations, some compilers will
optimize away arguments passed to functions if those arguments are
never used after the call. Such optimizations generate code that
passes arguments through registers, but doesn't store those arguments
in the stack frame. GDB has no way of displaying such arguments in
stack frames other than the innermost one. Here's what such a
backtrace might look like:
#0 m4_traceon (obs=0x24eb0, argc=1, argv=0x2b8c8)
at builtin.c:993
#1 0x6e38 in expand_macro (sym=<value optimized out>) at macro.c:242
#2 0x6840 in expand_token (obs=0x0, t=<value optimized out>, td=0xf7fffb08)
at macro.c:71
(More stack frames follow...)
The values of arguments that were not saved in their stack frames are
shown as `<value optimized out>'.
If you need to display the values of such optimized-out arguments,
either deduce that from other variables whose values depend on the one
you are interested in, or recompile without optimizations.
Most programs have a standard user entry point--a place where system
libraries and startup code transition into user code. For C this is
`main'(1). When GDB finds the entry function in a backtrace it will
terminate the backtrace, to avoid tracing into highly system-specific
(and generally uninteresting) code.
If you need to examine the startup code, or limit the number of
levels in a backtrace, you can change this behavior:
`set backtrace past-main'
`set backtrace past-main on'
Backtraces will continue past the user entry point.
`set backtrace past-main off'
Backtraces will stop when they encounter the user entry point.
This is the default.
`show backtrace past-main'
Display the current user entry point backtrace policy.
`set backtrace past-entry'
`set backtrace past-entry on'
Backtraces will continue past the internal entry point of an
application. This entry point is encoded by the linker when the
application is built, and is likely before the user entry point
`main' (or equivalent) is called.
`set backtrace past-entry off'
Backtraces will stop when they encounter the internal entry point
of an application. This is the default.
`show backtrace past-entry'
Display the current internal entry point backtrace policy.
`set backtrace limit N'
`set backtrace limit 0'
Limit the backtrace to N levels. A value of zero means unlimited.
`show backtrace limit'
Display the current limit on backtrace levels.
---------- Footnotes ----------
(1) Note that embedded programs (the so-called "free-standing"
environment) are not required to have a `main' function as the entry
point. They could even have multiple entry points.

File: gdb.info, Node: Selection, Next: Frame Info, Prev: Backtrace, Up: Stack
6.3 Selecting a Frame
=====================
Most commands for examining the stack and other data in your program
work on whichever stack frame is selected at the moment. Here are the
commands for selecting a stack frame; all of them finish by printing a
brief description of the stack frame just selected.
`frame N'
`f N'
Select frame number N. Recall that frame zero is the innermost
(currently executing) frame, frame one is the frame that called the
innermost one, and so on. The highest-numbered frame is the one
for `main'.
`frame ADDR'
`f ADDR'
Select the frame at address ADDR. This is useful mainly if the
chaining of stack frames has been damaged by a bug, making it
impossible for GDB to assign numbers properly to all frames. In
addition, this can be useful when your program has multiple stacks
and switches between them.
On the SPARC architecture, `frame' needs two addresses to select
an arbitrary frame: a frame pointer and a stack pointer.
On the MIPS and Alpha architecture, it needs two addresses: a stack
pointer and a program counter.
On the 29k architecture, it needs three addresses: a register stack
pointer, a program counter, and a memory stack pointer.
`up N'
Move N frames up the stack. For positive numbers N, this advances
toward the outermost frame, to higher frame numbers, to frames
that have existed longer. N defaults to one.
`down N'
Move N frames down the stack. For positive numbers N, this
advances toward the innermost frame, to lower frame numbers, to
frames that were created more recently. N defaults to one. You
may abbreviate `down' as `do'.
All of these commands end by printing two lines of output describing
the frame. The first line shows the frame number, the function name,
the arguments, and the source file and line number of execution in that
frame. The second line shows the text of that source line.
For example:
(gdb) up
#1 0x22f0 in main (argc=1, argv=0xf7fffbf4, env=0xf7fffbfc)
at env.c:10
10 read_input_file (argv[i]);
After such a printout, the `list' command with no arguments prints
ten lines centered on the point of execution in the frame. You can
also edit the program at the point of execution with your favorite
editing program by typing `edit'. *Note Printing Source Lines: List,
for details.
`up-silently N'
`down-silently N'
These two commands are variants of `up' and `down', respectively;
they differ in that they do their work silently, without causing
display of the new frame. They are intended primarily for use in
GDB command scripts, where the output might be unnecessary and
distracting.

File: gdb.info, Node: Frame Info, Prev: Selection, Up: Stack
6.4 Information About a Frame
=============================
There are several other commands to print information about the selected
stack frame.
`frame'
`f'
When used without any argument, this command does not change which
frame is selected, but prints a brief description of the currently
selected stack frame. It can be abbreviated `f'. With an
argument, this command is used to select a stack frame. *Note
Selecting a Frame: Selection.
`info frame'
`info f'
This command prints a verbose description of the selected stack
frame, including:
* the address of the frame
* the address of the next frame down (called by this frame)
* the address of the next frame up (caller of this frame)
* the language in which the source code corresponding to this
frame is written
* the address of the frame's arguments
* the address of the frame's local variables
* the program counter saved in it (the address of execution in
the caller frame)
* which registers were saved in the frame
The verbose description is useful when something has gone wrong
that has made the stack format fail to fit the usual conventions.
`info frame ADDR'
`info f ADDR'
Print a verbose description of the frame at address ADDR, without
selecting that frame. The selected frame remains unchanged by this
command. This requires the same kind of address (more than one
for some architectures) that you specify in the `frame' command.
*Note Selecting a Frame: Selection.
`info args'
Print the arguments of the selected frame, each on a separate line.
`info locals'
Print the local variables of the selected frame, each on a separate
line. These are all variables (declared either static or
automatic) accessible at the point of execution of the selected
frame.
`info catch'
Print a list of all the exception handlers that are active in the
current stack frame at the current point of execution. To see
other exception handlers, visit the associated frame (using the
`up', `down', or `frame' commands); then type `info catch'. *Note
Setting Catchpoints: Set Catchpoints.

File: gdb.info, Node: Source, Next: Data, Prev: Stack, Up: Top
7 Examining Source Files
************************
GDB can print parts of your program's source, since the debugging
information recorded in the program tells GDB what source files were
used to build it. When your program stops, GDB spontaneously prints
the line where it stopped. Likewise, when you select a stack frame
(*note Selecting a Frame: Selection.), GDB prints the line where
execution in that frame has stopped. You can print other portions of
source files by explicit command.
If you use GDB through its GNU Emacs interface, you may prefer to
use Emacs facilities to view source; see *Note Using GDB under GNU
Emacs: Emacs.
* Menu:
* List:: Printing source lines
* Specify Location:: How to specify code locations
* Edit:: Editing source files
* Search:: Searching source files
* Source Path:: Specifying source directories
* Machine Code:: Source and machine code

File: gdb.info, Node: List, Next: Specify Location, Up: Source
7.1 Printing Source Lines
=========================
To print lines from a source file, use the `list' command (abbreviated
`l'). By default, ten lines are printed. There are several ways to
specify what part of the file you want to print; see *Note Specify
Location::, for the full list.
Here are the forms of the `list' command most commonly used:
`list LINENUM'
Print lines centered around line number LINENUM in the current
source file.
`list FUNCTION'
Print lines centered around the beginning of function FUNCTION.
`list'
Print more lines. If the last lines printed were printed with a
`list' command, this prints lines following the last lines
printed; however, if the last line printed was a solitary line
printed as part of displaying a stack frame (*note Examining the
Stack: Stack.), this prints lines centered around that line.
`list -'
Print lines just before the lines last printed.
By default, GDB prints ten source lines with any of these forms of
the `list' command. You can change this using `set listsize':
`set listsize COUNT'
Make the `list' command display COUNT source lines (unless the
`list' argument explicitly specifies some other number).