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<h1>The Large Hadron Collider</h1>
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<p>The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world’s largest and most powerful <a href="/about/how-accelerator-works">particle accelerator</a>. It first started up on 10 September 2008, and remains the latest addition to CERN’s <a href="/about/accelerators">accelerator complex</a>. The LHC consists of a 27-kilometre ring of superconducting magnets with a number of accelerating structures to boost the energy of the particles along the way.</p>
<p>Inside the accelerator, two high-energy particle beams travel at close to the speed of light before they are made to collide. The beams travel in opposite directions in separate beam pipes – two tubes kept at <a href="/about/engineering/vacuum-empty-interplanetary-space">ultrahigh vacuum</a>. They are guided around the accelerator ring by a strong magnetic field maintained by <a href="/about/engineering/pulling-together-superconducting-electromagnets">superconducting electromagnets</a>. The electromagnets are built from coils of special electric cable that operates in a superconducting state, efficiently conducting electricity without resistance or loss of energy. This requires chilling the magnets to ‑271.3°C – <a href="/about/engineering/cryogenics-low-temperatures-high-performance">a temperature colder than outer space</a>. For this reason, much of the accelerator is connected to a distribution system of liquid helium, which cools the magnets, as well as to other supply services.</p>
<figure><img alt="" src="/sites/home.web.cern.ch/files/image/inline-images/old/lhc_long_1.jpg" /><figcaption>The Large Hadron Collider is the world's largest and most powerful particle accelerator (Image: CERN)</figcaption></figure>
<p>Thousands of magnets of different varieties and sizes are used to direct the beams around the accelerator. These include 1232 dipole magnets 15 metres in length which bend the beams, and 392 quadrupole magnets, each 5–7 metres long, which focus the beams. Just prior to collision, another type of magnet is used to "squeeze" the particles closer together to increase the chances of collisions. The particles are so tiny that the task of making them collide is akin to firing two needles 10 kilometres apart with such precision that they meet halfway.</p>
<p>All the controls for the accelerator, its services and technical infrastructure are housed under one roof at the CERN Control Centre. From here, the beams inside the LHC are made to collide at four locations around the accelerator ring, corresponding to the positions of four <a href="/about/how-detector-works">particle detectors</a> – <a href="/about/experiments/atlas">ATLAS</a>, <a href="/about/experiments/cms">CMS</a>, <a href="/about/experiments/alice">ALICE</a> and <a href="/about/experiments/lhcb">LHCb.</a></p>
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<p><a href="http://cds.cern.ch/record/1165534/files/CERN-Brochure-2009-003-Eng.pdf"><img alt="Technicians get around the tunnel on bicycles" src="/sites/home.web.cern.ch/files/image/inline-images/old/tunnel-transport.jpg" /></a></p>
<h1><a href="http://cds.cern.ch/record/1165534/files/CERN-Brochure-2009-003-Eng.pdf">Facts and Figures [PDF]</a></h1>
<p>How many kilometres of cables are there on the LHC? How low&nbsp;is the pressure in the beam pipe? Discover facts and figures about the in the handy LHC guide</p>
<h3><a href="http://cds.cern.ch/record/1165534/files/CERN-Brochure-2009-003-Eng.pdf">Download the LHC guide [PDF]</a></h3>
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<p><a href="http://press.web.cern.ch/backgrounders/safety-lhc"><img alt="CERN firefighters during their daily safety training" event" src="/sites/home.web.cern.ch/files/image/inline-images/old/fire_safety.jpg" /></a></p>
<h1><a href="http://press.web.cern.ch/backgrounders/safety-lhc">Safety of the LHC</a></h1>
<p>CERN takes safety very seriously. This&nbsp;report by the LHC Safety Assessment Group (LSAG) confirms that LHC collisions present no danger and that there are no reasons for concern</p>
<h3><a href="http://press.web.cern.ch/backgrounders/safety-lhc">Read about the safety of the LHC</a></h3>
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<a href="/about/updates/2014/02/pictures-access-last-lhc-splice"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="http://home.web.cern.ch/sites/home.web.cern.ch/files/styles/400/public/image/update-for_the_public/2014/02/smacc_finish_line.jpg?itok=JG-kbObj" width="400" height="267" alt="" /></a>
<div class="views-field views-field-title"> <h3 class="field-content"><a href="/about/updates/2014/02/pictures-access-last-lhc-splice">In pictures: Access to the last LHC splice</a></h3> </div>
<p><span class="meta date">11 Feb 2014 &ndash;</span> A team composed of CERN staff, industrial support and mechanics from Pakistan have given access to the last LHC splice for inspection</p> </div>
<div class="views-row views-row-2 views-row-even views-row-last">
<div class="views-field views-field-title"> <h3 class="field-content"><a href="/about/updates/2013/11/x-ray-tests-night-collider">X-ray tests: Night at the collider</a></h3> </div>
<p><span class="meta date">25 Nov 2013 &ndash;</span> When night falls over CERN, a team of X-ray experts go underground to perform tests on the Large Hadron Collider</p> </div>
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<h2>Updates</h2>
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<div class="views-field views-field-title"> <h3 class="field-content"><a href="/about/updates/2014/08/technical-troubleshooting-cern-control-centre">Technical troubleshooting at the CERN Control Centre</a></h3> </div>
<p><span class="meta date">4 Aug 2014 &ndash;</span> A team is on call 24 hours a day to monitor technical systems and quickly respond to alerts across CERN's accelerator complex</p> </div>
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<div class="views-field views-field-title"> <h3 class="field-content"><a href="/about/updates/2014/06/cosmic-rays-tune-atlas-particle-symphony">Cosmic rays tune ATLAS for a particle symphony</a></h3> </div>
<p><span class="meta date">27 Jun 2014 &ndash;</span> In preparation for the LHC's next run, physicists are calibrating the ATLAS experiment - with high-energy rays from outer space</p> </div>
<div class="views-row views-row-3 views-row-odd">
<div class="views-field views-field-title"> <h3 class="field-content"><a href="/about/updates/2014/06/cern-announces-lhc-restart-schedule">CERN announces LHC restart schedule</a></h3> </div>
<p><span class="meta date">23 Jun 2014 &ndash;</span> Cool down of the Large Hadron Collider has already begun in preparation for research to resume early in 2015</p> </div>
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<div class="views-field views-field-title"> <h3 class="field-content"><a href="/about/updates/2014/06/cern-experiments-report-new-higgs-boson-measurements">CERN experiments report new Higgs boson measurements</a></h3> </div>
<p><span class="meta date">23 Jun 2014 &ndash;</span> Results reported by ATLAS and CMS discuss the decay of Higgs bosons directly to fermions, the particles that make up matter</p> </div>
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<div class="views-field views-field-title"> <h3 class="field-content"><a href="/about/updates/2014/06/how-universal-lepton-universality">How universal is (lepton) universality?</a></h3> </div>
<p><span class="meta date">3 Jun 2014 &ndash;</span> New results from LHCb suggest that B+mesons decay to muons about 25% less often than they decay to electrons</p> </div>
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<div class="views-field views-field-title"> <h3 class="field-content"><a href="/about/updates/2014/05/tour-continues-large-hadron-collider">The tour continues for the Large Hadron Collider</a></h3> </div>
<p><span class="meta date">23 May 2014 &ndash;</span> Today the Collider exhibition, which began life at London’s Science Museum, launches in Manchester, UK, ahead of an international tour</p> </div>
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<div class="views-field views-field-title"> <h3 class="field-content"><a href="/about/updates/2014/05/lhc-consolidations-27000-shunts-now-place">LHC consolidations: 27,000 shunts now in place</a></h3> </div>
<p><span class="meta date">5 May 2014 &ndash;</span> Some 27,000 electrical shunts have been added to connections between magnets on the LHC</p> </div>
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<div class="views-field views-field-title"> <h3 class="field-content"><a href="/about/updates/2014/04/tracking-particles-faster-lhc">Tracking particles faster at the LHC</a></h3> </div>
<p><span class="meta date">22 Apr 2014 &ndash;</span> A new trigger system will expand what ATLAS scientists can look for during high-energy collisions at the Large Hadron Collider</p> </div>
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<div class="views-field views-field-title"> <h3 class="field-content"><a href="/about/updates/2014/03/microelectronics-cern-infancy-maturity">Microelectronics at CERN: from infancy to maturity</a></h3> </div>
<p><span class="meta date">4 Mar 2014 &ndash;</span> The start of the LAA project in 1986 propelled electronics at CERN into the era of microelectronics</p> </div>
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<div class="views-field views-field-title"> <h3 class="field-content"><a href="/about/updates/2013/12/highlights-cern-2013">Highlights from CERN in 2013</a></h3> </div>
<p><span class="meta date">19 Dec 2013 &ndash;</span> Higgs boson decays, a Nobel prize for Higgs and Englert and a huge Open Days event were among the big stories at CERN this year</p> </div>
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<div class="views-field views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/cern-people/opinion/2014/07/strength-worldwide-collaboration">The strength of worldwide collaboration</a></span> </div>
<div> <p class="meta"><span>Peter Jenni</span>, <span class="date">30 Jul 2014</span></p> </div> </div>
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<div class="views-field views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/cern-people/opinion/2013/11/towards-next-chapter">Towards the next chapter</a></span> </div>
<div> <p class="meta"><span>Rolf Heuer</span>, <span class="date">25 Nov 2013</span></p> </div> </div>
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<div class="views-field views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/cern-people/opinion/2013/06/ls1-safety-quality-schedule">LS1: &quot;Safety, quality, schedule&quot;</a></span> </div>
<div> <p class="meta"><span>Rolf Heuer</span>, <span class="date">28 Jun 2013</span></p> </div> </div>
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