[Sync ESB]Extract retry logic into MessageRetryHandler class

This CL extracts the retry logic previously residing in
ChromeTailoredSecurityService into a new class called
MessageRetryHandler. This refactoring improves code organization,
reduces code duplication, and increases testability.

The MessageRetryHandler class is responsible for:

* Tracking the success of an action
* Maintaining retry state
* Retrying the action based on configurable parameters

This CL also includes the following changes:

* Updates the ChromeTailoredSecurityService to use the new
  MessageRetryHandler class.
* Adds unit tests for the MessageRetryHandler class.
* Updates existing unit tests to mock the MessageRetryHandler and verify
  its behavior.
* Removes obsolete constants and functions from the
  ChromeTailoredSecurityService.

This refactoring makes the code more modular, easier to understand,
and simpler to test. It also enables the reuse of the MessageRetryHandler
class for other retry scenarios in the future.

Fixed: 393167106
Change-Id: I0652d199d4360ca4ad414939d40aa43c30ab703d
Reviewed-on: https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/c/chromium/src/+/6214112
Reviewed-by: Javier Castro <jacastro@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: thefrog <thefrog@chromium.org>
Commit-Queue: Zack Han <zackhan@chromium.org>
Cr-Commit-Position: refs/heads/main@{#1415637}