[NTP][Enterprise] Allow redirects from MSFT Security Portal

When the user's Microsoft organization has certain security policies
set, the user is sent to the Microsoft Security Portal, which checks
device certificates. This security portal then ends up doing the
redirect back to the NTP.

This CL updates the `NtpMicrosoftAuthResponseCaptureNavigationThrottle`
to catch the redirect from the security portal as well.

Bug: 395159262
Change-Id: I1f0e70b67a98c80be50e0b003687c543ba010f6c
Reviewed-on: https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/c/chromium/src/+/6245450
Reviewed-by: Rakina Zata Amni <rakina@chromium.org>
Commit-Queue: Riley Tatum <rtatum@google.com>
Cr-Commit-Position: refs/heads/main@{#1418729}