AddressComponent refactoring: Removed type-name based API.

This CL:
-Removes functions in `AddressComponent` that were here due to
overloading functions to support string representation of
ServerFieldType's as well as supporting both std::string and
std:u16string.
-Makes `ServerFieldType` arguments passed by value instead of const
reference, since it is just an enum.
-Fixes typos on touched files.

Details can be found in http://go/address-component-refactoring-23

Bug: 1440504
Fixed: 1440089

Change-Id: I682ebe5eeb4c8fe03610cc9733b0733b71c63f43
Reviewed-on: https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/c/chromium/src/+/4479451
Reviewed-by: Matthias Körber <koerber@google.com>
Code-Coverage: Findit <findit-for-me@appspot.gserviceaccount.com>
Commit-Queue: Jihad Hanna <jihadghanna@google.com>
Cr-Commit-Position: refs/heads/main@{#1138255}