[apps] Split ChromeOS disabled app functionality into dedicated throttle

This is the first step in moving the link capturing logic into the
cross-platform code, which is to create a throttle only for the
disabled app feature on ChromeOS. This separates it from the
ChromeOS throttle that is handling link capturing.

Bug: b/296628712
Change-Id: I56f1077e0cfdfa12f261629aba347a618fa10df3
Reviewed-on: https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/c/chromium/src/+/4794978
Commit-Queue: Daniel Murphy <dmurph@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Tim Sergeant <tsergeant@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Alan Cutter <alancutter@chromium.org>
Cr-Commit-Position: refs/heads/main@{#1186110}