blob: 1bc7fb823a863777fc35abd34521a2bc2ae599fa [file] [log] [blame]
# $Id: ip6.py 87 2013-03-05 19:41:04Z andrewflnr@gmail.com $
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""Internet Protocol, version 6."""
from __future__ import print_function
from __future__ import absolute_import
from . import dpkt
from . import ip
from . import tcp
from .compat import compat_ord
from .utils import inet_to_str
import struct
# The allowed extension headers and their classes (in order according to RFC).
EXT_HDRS = [ip.IP_PROTO_HOPOPTS, ip.IP_PROTO_ROUTING, ip.IP_PROTO_FRAGMENT, ip.IP_PROTO_AH, ip.IP_PROTO_ESP,
ip.IP_PROTO_DSTOPTS]
# EXT_HDRS_CLS - classes is below - after all the used classes are defined.
class IP6(dpkt.Packet):
"""Internet Protocol, version 6.
TODO: Longer class information....
Attributes:
__hdr__: Header fields of IPv6.
TODO.
"""
__hdr__ = (
('_v_fc_flow', 'I', 0x60000000),
('plen', 'H', 0), # payload length (not including header)
('nxt', 'B', 0), # next header protocol
('hlim', 'B', 0), # hop limit
('src', '16s', b''),
('dst', '16s', b'')
)
__bit_fields__ = {
'_v_fc_flow': (
('v', 4), # version, 4 hi bits
('fc', 8), # traffic class, 8 bits
('flow', 20), # flow label, 20 lo bits
)
}
__pprint_funcs__ = {
'src': inet_to_str,
'dst': inet_to_str
}
_protosw = ip.IP._protosw
def unpack(self, buf):
dpkt.Packet.unpack(self, buf)
self.extension_hdrs = {}
# NOTE: self.extension_hdrs is not accurate, as it doesn't support duplicate header types.
# According to RFC-1883 "Each extension header should occur at most once, except for the
# Destination Options header which should occur at most twice".
# Secondly, the .headers_str() method attempts to pack the extension headers in order as
# defined in the RFC, however it doesn't adjust the next header (nxt) pointer accordingly.
# Here we introduce the new field .all_extension_headers; it allows duplicate types and
# keeps the original order.
self.all_extension_headers = []
if self.plen:
buf = self.data[:self.plen]
else: # due to jumbo payload or TSO
buf = self.data
next_ext_hdr = self.nxt
while next_ext_hdr in EXT_HDRS:
ext = EXT_HDRS_CLS[next_ext_hdr](buf)
self.extension_hdrs[next_ext_hdr] = ext
self.all_extension_headers.append(ext)
buf = buf[ext.length:]
next_ext_hdr = getattr(ext, 'nxt', None)
# set the payload protocol id
if next_ext_hdr is not None:
self.p = next_ext_hdr
# do not decode fragments after the first fragment
# https://github.com/kbandla/dpkt/issues/575
if self.nxt == 44 and ext.frag_off > 0: # 44 = IP_PROTO_FRAGMENT
self.data = buf
return
try:
self.data = self._protosw[next_ext_hdr](buf)
setattr(self, self.data.__class__.__name__.lower(), self.data)
except (KeyError, dpkt.UnpackError):
self.data = buf
def headers_str(self):
nxt = self.nxt
# If all_extension_headers is available, return the headers as they originally appeared
if hasattr(self, 'all_extension_headers') and self.all_extension_headers:
# get the nxt header from the last one
nxt = self.all_extension_headers[-1].nxt
return nxt, b''.join(bytes(ext) for ext in self.all_extension_headers)
# Output extension headers in order defined in RFC1883 (except dest opts)
header_str = b""
if hasattr(self, 'extension_hdrs'):
for hdr in EXT_HDRS:
if hdr in self.extension_hdrs:
nxt = self.extension_hdrs[hdr].nxt
header_str += bytes(self.extension_hdrs[hdr])
return nxt, header_str
def __bytes__(self):
self.p, hdr_str = self.headers_str()
# set TCP, UDP, and ICMPv6 checksums
if ((self.p == 6 or self.p == 17 or self.p == 58) and
hasattr(self.data, 'sum') and not self.data.sum):
p = bytes(self.data)
s = struct.pack('>16s16sxBH', self.src, self.dst, self.p, len(p))
s = dpkt.in_cksum_add(0, s)
s = dpkt.in_cksum_add(s, p)
self.data.sum = dpkt.in_cksum_done(s)
return self.pack_hdr() + hdr_str + bytes(self.data)
def __len__(self):
baselen = self.__hdr_len__ + len(self.data)
if hasattr(self, 'all_extension_headers') and self.all_extension_headers:
return baselen + sum(len(hh) for hh in self.all_extension_headers)
elif hasattr(self, 'extension_hdrs') and self.extension_hdrs:
return baselen + sum(len(hh) for hh in self.extension_hdrs.values())
return baselen
@classmethod
def set_proto(cls, p, pktclass):
cls._protosw[p] = pktclass
@classmethod
def get_proto(cls, p):
return cls._protosw[p]
class IP6ExtensionHeader(dpkt.Packet):
"""
An extension header is very similar to a 'sub-packet'.
We just want to re-use all the hdr unpacking etc.
"""
pass
class IP6OptsHeader(IP6ExtensionHeader):
__hdr__ = (
('nxt', 'B', 0), # next extension header protocol
('len', 'B', 0) # option data length in 8 octect units (ignoring first 8 octets) so, len 0 == 64bit header
)
def unpack(self, buf):
dpkt.Packet.unpack(self, buf)
self.length = (self.len + 1) * 8
options = []
index = 0
while index < self.length - 2:
try:
opt_type = compat_ord(self.data[index])
# PAD1 option
if opt_type == 0:
index += 1
continue
opt_length = compat_ord(self.data[index + 1])
if opt_type == 1: # PADN option
# PADN uses opt_length bytes in total
index += opt_length + 2
continue
options.append({
'type': opt_type,
'opt_length': opt_length,
'data': self.data[index + 2:index + 2 + opt_length]
})
# add the two chars and the option_length, to move to the next option
index += opt_length + 2
except IndexError:
raise dpkt.NeedData
self.options = options
self.data = buf[2:self.length] # keep raw data with all pad options, but not the following data
class IP6HopOptsHeader(IP6OptsHeader):
pass
class IP6DstOptsHeader(IP6OptsHeader):
pass
class IP6RoutingHeader(IP6ExtensionHeader):
__hdr__ = (
('nxt', 'B', 0), # next extension header protocol
('len', 'B', 0), # extension data length in 8 octect units (ignoring first 8 octets) (<= 46 for type 0)
('type', 'B', 0), # routing type (currently, only 0 is used)
('segs_left', 'B', 0), # remaining segments in route, until destination (<= 23)
('_rsvd_sl_bits', 'I', 0)
)
__bit_fields__ = {
'_rsvd_sl_bits': (
('_rsvd', 8), # reserved (1 byte)
('sl_bits', 24), # strict/loose bitmap for addresses
)
}
def unpack(self, buf):
hdr_size = 8
addr_size = 16
dpkt.Packet.unpack(self, buf)
addresses = []
num_addresses = self.len // 2
buf = buf[hdr_size:hdr_size + num_addresses * addr_size]
for i in range(num_addresses):
addresses.append(buf[i * addr_size: i * addr_size + addr_size])
self.data = buf
self.addresses = addresses
self.length = self.len * 8 + 8
class IP6FragmentHeader(IP6ExtensionHeader):
__hdr__ = (
('nxt', 'B', 0), # next extension header protocol
('_resv', 'B', 0), # reserved, set to 0
('_frag_off_resv_m', 'H', 0),
('id', 'I', 0) # fragments id
)
__bit_fields__ = {
'_frag_off_resv_m': (
('frag_off', 13), # frag offset, 13 bits
('_resv', 2), # reserved zero (2 bits)
('m_flag', 1), # more frags flag
)
}
def unpack(self, buf):
dpkt.Packet.unpack(self, buf)
self.length = self.__hdr_len__
self.data = b''
class IP6AHHeader(IP6ExtensionHeader):
__hdr__ = (
('nxt', 'B', 0), # next extension header protocol
('len', 'B', 0), # length of header in 4 octet units (ignoring first 2 units)
('_resv', 'H', 0), # reserved, 2 bytes of 0
('spi', 'I', 0), # SPI security parameter index
('seq', 'I', 0) # sequence no.
)
def unpack(self, buf):
dpkt.Packet.unpack(self, buf)
self.length = (self.len + 2) * 4
self.auth_data = self.data[:(self.len - 1) * 4]
class IP6ESPHeader(IP6ExtensionHeader):
__hdr__ = (
('spi', 'I', 0),
('seq', 'I', 0)
)
def unpack(self, buf):
dpkt.Packet.unpack(self, buf)
self.length = self.__hdr_len__ + len(self.data)
EXT_HDRS_CLS = {ip.IP_PROTO_HOPOPTS: IP6HopOptsHeader,
ip.IP_PROTO_ROUTING: IP6RoutingHeader,
ip.IP_PROTO_FRAGMENT: IP6FragmentHeader,
ip.IP_PROTO_ESP: IP6ESPHeader,
ip.IP_PROTO_AH: IP6AHHeader,
ip.IP_PROTO_DSTOPTS: IP6DstOptsHeader}
# Unit tests
def test_ipg():
s = (b'\x60\x00\x00\x00\x00\x28\x06\x40\xfe\x80\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\x11\x24\xff\xfe\x8c'
b'\x11\xde\xfe\x80\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\xb0\xd0\xff\xfe\xe1\x80\x72\xcd\xca\x00\x16'
b'\x04\x84\x46\xd5\x00\x00\x00\x00\xa0\x02\xff\xff\xf8\x09\x00\x00\x02\x04\x05\xa0\x01\x03'
b'\x03\x00\x01\x01\x08\x0a\x7d\x18\x35\x3f\x00\x00\x00\x00')
_ip = IP6(s)
# basic properties
assert _ip.v == 6
assert _ip.fc == 0
assert _ip.flow == 0
_ip.data.sum = 0
s2 = bytes(_ip)
assert s == s2
def test_dict():
s = (b'\x60\x00\x00\x00\x00\x28\x06\x40\xfe\x80\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\x11\x24\xff\xfe\x8c'
b'\x11\xde\xfe\x80\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\xb0\xd0\xff\xfe\xe1\x80\x72\xcd\xca\x00\x16'
b'\x04\x84\x46\xd5\x00\x00\x00\x00\xa0\x02\xff\xff\xf8\x09\x00\x00\x02\x04\x05\xa0\x01\x03'
b'\x03\x00\x01\x01\x08\x0a\x7d\x18\x35\x3f\x00\x00\x00\x00')
_ip = IP6(s)
d = dict(_ip)
# basic properties
assert d['src'] == b'\xfe\x80\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\x11\x24\xff\xfe\x8c\x11\xde'
assert d['dst'] == b'\xfe\x80\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\xb0\xd0\xff\xfe\xe1\x80\x72'
def test_ip6_routing_header():
s = (b'\x60\x00\x00\x00\x00\x3c\x2b\x40\x20\x48\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
b'\xde\xca\x20\x47\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xca\xfe\x06\x04\x00\x02'
b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x20\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xde\xca\x20\x22'
b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xde\xca\x00\x14\x00\x50\x00\x00\x00\x00'
b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x50\x02\x20\x00\x91\x7f\x00\x00')
_ip = IP6(s)
s2 = bytes(_ip)
# 43 is Routing header id
assert len(_ip.extension_hdrs[43].addresses) == 2
assert _ip.tcp
assert s == s2
def test_ip6_fragment_header():
s = b'\x06\xee\xff\xf9\x00\x00\xff\xff'
fh = IP6FragmentHeader(s)
# s2 = str(fh) variable 's2' is not used
assert fh.nxt == 6
assert fh.id == 65535
assert fh.frag_off == 8191
assert fh.m_flag == 1
# test packing
fh._frag_off_resv_m = 0
fh.frag_off = 8191
fh.m_flag = 1
assert bytes(fh) == s
# IP6 with fragment header
s = (b'\x60\x00\x00\x00\x00\x10\x2c\x00\x02\x22\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
b'\x00\x02\x03\x33\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x03\x29\x00\x00\x01'
b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x60\x00\x00\x00\x00\x10\x2c\x00')
_ip = IP6(s)
assert bytes(_ip) == s
def test_ip6_options_header():
s = (b'\x3b\x04\x01\x02\x00\x00\xc9\x10\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
b'\x00\x00\x01\x00\xc2\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\x05\x02\x00\x00\x01\x02\x00\x00')
options = IP6OptsHeader(s).options
assert len(options) == 3
assert bytes(IP6OptsHeader(s)) == s
def test_ip6_ah_header():
s = b'\x3b\x04\x00\x00\x02\x02\x02\x02\x01\x01\x01\x01\x78\x78\x78\x78\x78\x78\x78\x78'
ah = IP6AHHeader(s)
assert ah.length == 24
assert ah.auth_data == b'xxxxxxxx'
assert ah.spi == 0x2020202
assert ah.seq == 0x1010101
assert bytes(ah) == s
def test_ip6_esp_header():
s = (b'\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x44\xe2\x4f\x9e\x68\xf3\xcd\xb1\x5f\x61\x65\x42\x8b\x78\x0b'
b'\x4a\xfd\x13\xf0\x15\x98\xf5\x55\x16\xa8\x12\xb3\xb8\x4d\xbc\x16\xb2\x14\xbe\x3d\xf9\x96'
b'\xd4\xa0\x39\x1f\x85\x74\x25\x81\x83\xa6\x0d\x99\xb6\xba\xa3\xcc\xb6\xe0\x9a\x78\xee\xf2'
b'\xaf\x9a')
esp = IP6ESPHeader(s)
assert esp.length == 68
assert esp.spi == 256
assert bytes(esp) == s
def test_ip6_extension_headers():
p = (b'\x60\x00\x00\x00\x00\x3c\x2b\x40\x20\x48\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
b'\xde\xca\x20\x47\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xca\xfe\x06\x04\x00\x02'
b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x20\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xde\xca\x20\x22'
b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xde\xca\x00\x14\x00\x50\x00\x00\x00\x00'
b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x50\x02\x20\x00\x91\x7f\x00\x00')
_ip = IP6(p)
o = (b'\x3b\x04\x01\x02\x00\x00\xc9\x10\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
b'\x00\x00\x01\x00\xc2\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\x05\x02\x00\x00\x01\x02\x00\x00')
_ip.extension_hdrs[0] = IP6HopOptsHeader(o)
fh = b'\x06\xee\xff\xfb\x00\x00\xff\xff'
_ip.extension_hdrs[44] = IP6FragmentHeader(fh)
ah = b'\x3b\x04\x00\x00\x02\x02\x02\x02\x01\x01\x01\x01\x78\x78\x78\x78\x78\x78\x78\x78'
_ip.extension_hdrs[51] = IP6AHHeader(ah)
do = b'\x3b\x02\x01\x02\x00\x00\xc9\x10\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
_ip.extension_hdrs[60] = IP6DstOptsHeader(do)
assert len(_ip.extension_hdrs) == 5
# this is a legacy unit test predating the addition of .all_extension_headers
# this way of adding extension headers does not update .all_extension_headers
# so we need to kick .all_extension_headers to force the __len__() method pick up
# the updated legacy attribute and calculate the len correctly
del _ip.all_extension_headers
assert len(_ip) == len(p) + len(o) + len(fh) + len(ah) + len(do)
def test_ip6_all_extension_headers(): # https://github.com/kbandla/dpkt/pull/403
s = (b'\x60\x00\x00\x00\x00\x47\x3c\x40\xfe\xd0\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01'
b'\x00\x02\xfe\xd0\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x01\x3c\x00\x01\x04'
b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x3c\x00\x01\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\x2c\x00\x01\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\x2c\x00'
b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x3c\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x2c\x00\x01\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00'
b'\x3a\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x80\x00\xd8\xe5\x0c\x1a\x00\x00\x50\x61\x79\x4c\x6f\x61'
b'\x64')
_ip = IP6(s)
assert _ip.p == 58 # ICMPv6
hdrs = _ip.all_extension_headers
assert len(hdrs) == 7
assert isinstance(hdrs[0], IP6DstOptsHeader)
assert isinstance(hdrs[3], IP6FragmentHeader)
assert isinstance(hdrs[5], IP6DstOptsHeader)
assert bytes(_ip) == s
assert len(_ip) == len(s)
def test_ip6_gen_tcp_ack():
t = tcp.TCP()
t.win = 8192
t.dport = 80
t.sport = 4711
t.flags = tcp.TH_ACK
t.seq = 22
t.ack = 33
ipp = IP6()
ipp.src = b'\xfd\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xc8\xba\x88\x88\x00\xaa\xbb\x01'
ipp.dst = b'\x00d\xff\x9b\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xc1\n@*'
ipp.hlim = 64
ipp.nxt = ip.IP_PROTO_TCP
ipp.data = t
ipp.plen = ipp.data.ulen = len(ipp.data)
assert len(bytes(ipp)) == 60
assert ipp.p == ip.IP_PROTO_TCP
# Second part of testing - with ext headers.
ipp.p = 0
o = (b'\x3b\x04\x01\x02\x00\x00\xc9\x10\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
b'\x00\x00\x01\x00\xc2\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\x05\x02\x00\x00\x01\x02\x00\x00')
ipp.extension_hdrs = {}
ipp.extension_hdrs[0] = IP6HopOptsHeader(o)
ipp.extension_hdrs[0].nxt = ip.IP_PROTO_TCP
ipp.nxt = ip.proto = ip.IP_PROTO_HOPOPTS
_p, exthdrs = ipp.headers_str()
ipp.plen = len(exthdrs) + len(ipp.data)
assert bytes(ipp)
assert ipp.p == ip.IP_PROTO_TCP
assert ipp.nxt == ip.IP_PROTO_HOPOPTS
def test_ip6_opts():
import pytest
# https://github.com/kbandla/dpkt/issues/477
s = (b'\x52\x54\x00\xf3\x83\x6f\x52\x54\x00\x86\x33\xd9\x86\xdd\x60\x00\x00\x00\x05\x08\x3a\xff'
b'\xfd\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\xfd\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x02\x00\xd2\xf3\x00\x00\x05\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\xfd\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02'
b'\x00\x50\xd4\x34\x1a\x48\x24\x50\x6d\x8d\xb3\xc2\x80\x10\x01\xf6\x46\xe8\x00\x00\x01\x01'
b'\x08\x0a\xd7\x9d\x6b\x8a\x3a\xd1\xf4\x58\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61'
b'\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61'
b'\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61'
b'\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x0a')
from dpkt.ethernet import Ethernet
assert Ethernet(s)
assert Ethernet(s).ip6
assert Ethernet(s).ip6.icmp6
assert Ethernet(s).ip6.icmp6.data
with pytest.raises(dpkt.NeedData):
IP6(Ethernet(s).ip6.icmp6.data) # should raise NeedData
from binascii import unhexlify
buf_ip6_opts = unhexlify(
'00' # nxt
'00' # len
'000000000000' # only padding
)
ip6opt = IP6OptsHeader(buf_ip6_opts)
assert ip6opt.options == []
assert ip6opt.data == b'\x00' * 6
def test_ip6_routing_properties():
ip6rh = IP6RoutingHeader()
assert ip6rh.sl_bits == 0
ip6rh.sl_bits = 1024
assert ip6rh.sl_bits == 1024
def test_ip6_fragment_properties():
ip6fh = IP6FragmentHeader()
assert ip6fh.frag_off == 0
ip6fh.frag_off = 1234
assert ip6fh.frag_off == 1234
assert ip6fh.m_flag == 0
ip6fh.m_flag = 1
assert ip6fh.m_flag == 1
def test_ip6_properties():
ip6 = IP6()
assert ip6.v == 6
ip6.v = 10
assert ip6.v == 10
assert ip6.fc == 0
ip6.fc = 5
assert ip6.fc == 5
assert ip6.flow == 0
ip6.flow = 4
assert ip6.flow == 4
# property delete
del ip6.v
del ip6.fc
del ip6.flow
assert ip6.v == 6
assert ip6.fc == 0
assert ip6.flow == 0
def test_proto_accessors():
class Proto:
pass
assert 'PROTO' not in IP6._protosw
IP6.set_proto('PROTO', Proto)
assert IP6.get_proto('PROTO') == Proto
def test_ip6_fragment_no_decode(): # https://github.com/kbandla/dpkt/issues/575
from . import udp
# fragment 0
s = (b'\x60\x00'
b'\x00\x00\x00\x2c\x11\x3f\x20\x01\x06\x38\x05\x01\x8e\xfe\xcc\x4a'
b'\x48\x39\xfa\x79\x04\xdc\x20\x01\x05\x00\x00\x60\x00\x00\x00\x00'
b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x30\xde\xf2\x00\x35\x00\x2c\x61\x50\x4d\x8b'
b'\x01\x20\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x03\x69\x73\x63\x03\x6f'
b'\x72\x67\x00\x00\xff\x00\x01\x00\x00\x29\x10\x00\x00\x00\x80\x00'
b'\x00\x00')
frag0 = IP6(s)
assert type(frag0.data) == udp.UDP
s = (b'\x60\x00\x00\x00\x01\x34\x2c\x35\x20\x01\x05\x00\x00\x60\x00\x00'
b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x30\x20\x01\x06\x38\x05\x01\x8e\xfe'
b'\xcc\x4a\x48\x39\xfa\x79\x04\xdc'
b'\x11\x72\x31\xb9\xc1\x0f\xcf\x7c\x61\x62\x63\x64\x65\x66\x67\x68') # partial data
frag2 = IP6(s)
assert type(frag2.data) == bytes
# test packing
assert bytes(frag2) == s