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| </head> |
| <body class="manpage"> |
| <div id="header"> |
| <h1>gitrevisions(7) Manual Page</h1> |
| <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <p>gitrevisions - Specifying revisions and ranges for Git</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div id="content"> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>gitrevisions</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Many Git commands take revision parameters as arguments. Depending on |
| the command, they denote a specific commit or, for commands which |
| walk the revision graph (such as <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>), all commits which are |
| reachable from that commit. For commands that walk the revision graph one can |
| also specify a range of revisions explicitly.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In addition, some Git commands (such as <a href="git-show.html">git-show(1)</a> and |
| <a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a>) can also take revision parameters which denote |
| other objects than commits, e.g. blobs ("files") or trees |
| ("directories of files").</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_specifying_revisions">SPECIFYING REVISIONS</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A revision parameter <em><rev></em> typically, but not necessarily, names a |
| commit object. It uses what is called an <em>extended SHA-1</em> |
| syntax. Here are various ways to spell object names. The |
| ones listed near the end of this list name trees and |
| blobs contained in a commit.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="admonitionblock note"> |
| <table> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="icon"> |
| <div class="title">Note</div> |
| </td> |
| <td class="content"> |
| This document shows the "raw" syntax as seen by git. The shell |
| and other UIs might require additional quoting to protect special |
| characters and to avoid word splitting. |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| </table> |
| </div> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><sha1></em>, e.g. <em>dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735</em>, <em>dae86e</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>The full SHA-1 object name (40-byte hexadecimal string), or |
| a leading substring that is unique within the repository. |
| E.g. dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735 and dae86e both |
| name the same commit object if there is no other object in |
| your repository whose object name starts with dae86e.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><describeOutput></em>, e.g. <em>v1.7.4.2-679-g3bee7fb</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Output from <code>git</code> <code>describe</code>; i.e. a closest tag, optionally |
| followed by a dash and a number of commits, followed by a dash, a |
| <em>g</em>, and an abbreviated object name.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><refname></em>, e.g. <em>master</em>, <em>heads/master</em>, <em>refs/heads/master</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A symbolic ref name. E.g. <em>master</em> typically means the commit |
| object referenced by <em>refs/heads/master</em>. If you |
| happen to have both <em>heads/master</em> and <em>tags/master</em>, you can |
| explicitly say <em>heads/master</em> to tell Git which one you mean. |
| When ambiguous, a <em><refname></em> is disambiguated by taking the |
| first match in the following rules:</p> |
| <div class="olist arabic"> |
| <ol class="arabic"> |
| <li> |
| <p>If <em>$GIT_DIR/<refname></em> exists, that is what you mean (this is usually |
| useful only for <code>HEAD</code>, <code>FETCH_HEAD</code>, <code>ORIG_HEAD</code>, <code>MERGE_HEAD</code>, |
| <code>REBASE_HEAD</code>, <code>REVERT_HEAD</code>, <code>CHERRY_PICK_HEAD</code>, <code>BISECT_HEAD</code> |
| and <code>AUTO_MERGE</code>);</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>otherwise, <em>refs/<refname></em> if it exists;</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>otherwise, <em>refs/tags/<refname></em> if it exists;</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>otherwise, <em>refs/heads/<refname></em> if it exists;</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>otherwise, <em>refs/remotes/<refname></em> if it exists;</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>otherwise, <em>refs/remotes/<refname>/HEAD</em> if it exists.</p> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>HEAD</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>names the commit on which you based the changes in the working tree.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>FETCH_HEAD</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>records the branch which you fetched from a remote repository with |
| your last <code>git</code> <code>fetch</code> invocation.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>ORIG_HEAD</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>is created by commands that move your <code>HEAD</code> in a drastic way (<code>git</code> |
| <code>am</code>, <code>git</code> <code>merge</code>, <code>git</code> <code>rebase</code>, <code>git</code> <code>reset</code>), to record the position |
| of the <code>HEAD</code> before their operation, so that you can easily change |
| the tip of the branch back to the state before you ran them.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>MERGE_HEAD</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>records the commit(s) which you are merging into your branch when you |
| run <code>git</code> <code>merge</code>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>REBASE_HEAD</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>during a rebase, records the commit at which the operation is |
| currently stopped, either because of conflicts or an <code>edit</code> command in |
| an interactive rebase.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>REVERT_HEAD</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>records the commit which you are reverting when you run <code>git</code> <code>revert</code>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>CHERRY_PICK_HEAD</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>records the commit which you are cherry-picking when you run <code>git</code> |
| <code>cherry-pick</code>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>BISECT_HEAD</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>records the current commit to be tested when you run <code>git</code> <code>bisect</code> |
| <code>--no-checkout</code>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>AUTO_MERGE</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>records a tree object corresponding to the state the |
| <em>ort</em> merge strategy wrote to the working tree when a merge operation |
| resulted in conflicts.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| </ol> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Note that any of the <em>refs/*</em> cases above may come either from |
| the <code>$GIT_DIR/refs</code> directory or from the <code>$GIT_DIR/packed-refs</code> file. |
| While the ref name encoding is unspecified, UTF-8 is preferred as |
| some output processing may assume ref names in UTF-8.</p> |
| </div> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em>@</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p><em>@</em> alone is a shortcut for <code>HEAD</code>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em>[<refname>]@{<date>}</em>, e.g. <em>master@{yesterday}</em>, <em>HEAD@{5 minutes ago}</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A ref followed by the suffix <em>@</em> with a date specification |
| enclosed in a brace |
| pair (e.g. <em>{yesterday}</em>, <em>{1 month 2 weeks 3 days 1 hour 1 |
| second ago}</em> or <em>{1979-02-26 18:30:00}</em>) specifies the value |
| of the ref at a prior point in time. This suffix may only be |
| used immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an |
| existing log (<em>$GIT_DIR/logs/<ref></em>). Note that this looks up the state |
| of your <strong>local</strong> ref at a given time; e.g., what was in your local |
| <em>master</em> branch last week. If you want to look at commits made during |
| certain times, see <code>--since</code> and <code>--until</code>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><refname>@{<n>}</em>, e.g. <em>master@{1}</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A ref followed by the suffix <em>@</em> with an ordinal specification |
| enclosed in a brace pair (e.g. <em>{1}</em>, <em>{15}</em>) specifies |
| the n-th prior value of that ref. For example <em>master@{1}</em> |
| is the immediate prior value of <em>master</em> while <em>master@{5}</em> |
| is the 5th prior value of <em>master</em>. This suffix may only be used |
| immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an existing |
| log (<em>$GIT_DIR/logs/<refname></em>).</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em>@{<n>}</em>, e.g. <em>@{1}</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>You can use the <em>@</em> construct with an empty ref part to get at a |
| reflog entry of the current branch. For example, if you are on |
| branch <em>blabla</em> then <em>@{1}</em> means the same as <em>blabla@{1}</em>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em>@{-<n>}</em>, e.g. <em>@{-1}</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>The construct <em>@{-<n>}</em> means the <n>th branch/commit checked out |
| before the current one.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em>[<branchname>]@{upstream}</em>, e.g. <em>master@{upstream}</em>, <em>@{u}</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A branch B may be set up to build on top of a branch X (configured with |
| <code>branch.</code><em><name></em><code>.merge</code>) at a remote R (configured with |
| <code>branch.</code><em><name></em><code>.remote</code>). B@{u} refers to the remote-tracking branch for |
| the branch X taken from remote R, typically found at <code>refs/remotes/R/X</code>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em>[<branchname>]@{push}</em>, e.g. <em>master@{push}</em>, <em>@{push}</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>The suffix <em>@{push}</em> reports the branch "where we would push to" if |
| <code>git</code> <code>push</code> were run while <code>branchname</code> was checked out (or the current |
| <code>HEAD</code> if no branchname is specified). Like for <em>@{upstream}</em>, we report |
| the remote-tracking branch that corresponds to that branch at the remote.</p> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Here’s an example to make it more clear:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git config push.default current |
| $ git config remote.pushdefault myfork |
| $ git switch -c mybranch origin/master |
| |
| $ git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name @{upstream} |
| refs/remotes/origin/master |
| |
| $ git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name @{push} |
| refs/remotes/myfork/mybranch</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Note in the example that we set up a triangular workflow, where we pull |
| from one location and push to another. In a non-triangular workflow, |
| <em>@{push}</em> is the same as <em>@{upstream}</em>, and there is no need for it.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>This suffix is also accepted when spelled in uppercase, and means the same |
| thing no matter the case.</p> |
| </div> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><rev>^[<n>]</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD^, v1.5.1^0</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A suffix <em>^</em> to a revision parameter means the first parent of |
| that commit object. <em>^<n></em> means the <n>th parent (i.e. |
| <em><rev>^</em> |
| is equivalent to <em><rev>^1</em>). As a special rule, |
| <em><rev>^0</em> means the commit itself and is used when <em><rev></em> is the |
| object name of a tag object that refers to a commit object.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><rev>~[<n>]</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD~, master~3</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A suffix <em>~</em> to a revision parameter means the first parent of |
| that commit object. |
| A suffix <em>~<n></em> to a revision parameter means the commit |
| object that is the <n>th generation ancestor of the named |
| commit object, following only the first parents. I.e. <em><rev>~3</em> is |
| equivalent to <em><rev>^^^</em> which is equivalent to |
| <em><rev>^1^1^1</em>. See below for an illustration of |
| the usage of this form.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><rev>^{<type>}</em>, e.g. <em>v0.99.8^{commit}</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A suffix <em>^</em> followed by an object type name enclosed in |
| brace pair means dereference the object at <em><rev></em> recursively until |
| an object of type <em><type></em> is found or the object cannot be |
| dereferenced anymore (in which case, barf). |
| For example, if <em><rev></em> is a commit-ish, <em><rev>^{commit}</em> |
| describes the corresponding commit object. |
| Similarly, if <em><rev></em> is a tree-ish, <em><rev>^{tree}</em> |
| describes the corresponding tree object. |
| <em><rev>^0</em> |
| is a short-hand for <em><rev>^{commit}</em>.</p> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><em><rev>^{object}</em> can be used to make sure <em><rev></em> names an |
| object that exists, without requiring <em><rev></em> to be a tag, and |
| without dereferencing <em><rev></em>; because a tag is already an object, |
| it does not have to be dereferenced even once to get to an object.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><em><rev>^{tag}</em> can be used to ensure that <em><rev></em> identifies an |
| existing tag object.</p> |
| </div> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><rev>^{}</em>, e.g. <em>v0.99.8^{}</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A suffix <em>^</em> followed by an empty brace pair |
| means the object could be a tag, |
| and dereference the tag recursively until a non-tag object is |
| found.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><rev>^{/<text>}</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD^{/fix nasty bug}</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A suffix <em>^</em> to a revision parameter, followed by a brace |
| pair that contains a text led by a slash, |
| is the same as the <em>:/fix nasty bug</em> syntax below except that |
| it returns the youngest matching commit which is reachable from |
| the <em><rev></em> before <em>^</em>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em>:/<text></em>, e.g. <em>:/fix nasty bug</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A colon, followed by a slash, followed by a text, names |
| a commit whose commit message matches the specified regular expression. |
| This name returns the youngest matching commit which is |
| reachable from any ref, including HEAD. |
| The regular expression can match any part of the |
| commit message. To match messages starting with a string, one can use |
| e.g. <em>:/^foo</em>. The special sequence <em>:/!</em> is reserved for modifiers to what |
| is matched. <em>:/!-foo</em> performs a negative match, while <em>:/!!foo</em> matches a |
| literal <em>!</em> character, followed by <em>foo</em>. Any other sequence beginning with |
| <em>:/!</em> is reserved for now. |
| Depending on the given text, the shell’s word splitting rules might |
| require additional quoting.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><rev>:<path></em>, e.g. <em>HEAD:README</em>, <em>master:./README</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A suffix <em>:</em> followed by a path names the blob or tree |
| at the given path in the tree-ish object named by the part |
| before the colon. |
| A path starting with <em>./</em> or <em>../</em> is relative to the current working directory. |
| The given path will be converted to be relative to the working tree’s root directory. |
| This is most useful to address a blob or tree from a commit or tree that has |
| the same tree structure as the working tree.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em>:[<n>:]<path></em>, e.g. <em>:0:README</em>, <em>:README</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A colon, optionally followed by a stage number (0 to 3) and a |
| colon, followed by a path, names a blob object in the |
| index at the given path. A missing stage number (and the colon |
| that follows it) names a stage 0 entry. During a merge, stage |
| 1 is the common ancestor, stage 2 is the target branch’s version |
| (typically the current branch), and stage 3 is the version from |
| the branch which is being merged.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Here is an illustration, by Jon Loeliger. Both commit nodes B |
| and C are parents of commit node A. Parent commits are ordered |
| left-to-right.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>G H I J |
| \ / \ / |
| D E F |
| \ | / \ |
| \ | / | |
| \|/ | |
| B C |
| \ / |
| \ / |
| A</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>A = = A^0 |
| B = A^ = A^1 = A~1 |
| C = = A^2 |
| D = A^^ = A^1^1 = A~2 |
| E = B^2 = A^^2 |
| F = B^3 = A^^3 |
| G = A^^^ = A^1^1^1 = A~3 |
| H = D^2 = B^^2 = A^^^2 = A~2^2 |
| I = F^ = B^3^ = A^^3^ |
| J = F^2 = B^3^2 = A^^3^2</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_specifying_ranges">SPECIFYING RANGES</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>History traversing commands such as <code>git</code> <code>log</code> operate on a set |
| of commits, not just a single commit.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>For these commands, |
| specifying a single revision, using the notation described in the |
| previous section, means the set of commits <code>reachable</code> from the given |
| commit.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Specifying several revisions means the set of commits reachable from |
| any of the given commits.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A commit’s reachable set is the commit itself and the commits in |
| its ancestry chain.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>There are several notations to specify a set of connected commits |
| (called a "revision range"), illustrated below.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="_commit_exclusions">Commit Exclusions</h3> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em>^<rev></em> (caret) Notation</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>To exclude commits reachable from a commit, a prefix <em>^</em> |
| notation is used. E.g. <em>^r1 r2</em> means commits reachable |
| from <em>r2</em> but exclude the ones reachable from <em>r1</em> (i.e. <em>r1</em> and |
| its ancestors).</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="_dotted_range_notations">Dotted Range Notations</h3> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">The <em>..</em> (two-dot) Range Notation</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>The <em>^r1 r2</em> set operation appears so often that there is a shorthand |
| for it. When you have two commits <em>r1</em> and <em>r2</em> (named according |
| to the syntax explained in SPECIFYING REVISIONS above), you can ask |
| for commits that are reachable from r2 excluding those that are reachable |
| from r1 by <em>^r1 r2</em> and it can be written as <em>r1..r2</em>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">The <em>...</em> (three-dot) Symmetric Difference Notation</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A similar notation <em>r1...r2</em> is called symmetric difference |
| of <em>r1</em> and <em>r2</em> and is defined as |
| <em>r1 r2 --not $(git merge-base --all r1 r2)</em>. |
| It is the set of commits that are reachable from either one of |
| <em>r1</em> (left side) or <em>r2</em> (right side) but not from both.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In these two shorthand notations, you can omit one end and let it default to HEAD. |
| For example, <em>origin..</em> is a shorthand for <em>origin..HEAD</em> and asks "What |
| did I do since I forked from the origin branch?" Similarly, <em>..origin</em> |
| is a shorthand for <em>HEAD..origin</em> and asks "What did the origin do since |
| I forked from them?" Note that <em>..</em> would mean <em>HEAD..HEAD</em> which is an |
| empty range that is both reachable and unreachable from HEAD.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Commands that are specifically designed to take two distinct ranges |
| (e.g. "git range-diff R1 R2" to compare two ranges) do exist, but |
| they are exceptions. Unless otherwise noted, all "git" commands |
| that operate on a set of commits work on a single revision range. |
| In other words, writing two "two-dot range notation" next to each |
| other, e.g.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git log A..B C..D</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>does <strong>not</strong> specify two revision ranges for most commands. Instead |
| it will name a single connected set of commits, i.e. those that are |
| reachable from either B or D but are reachable from neither A or C. |
| In a linear history like this:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>---A---B---o---o---C---D</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>because A and B are reachable from C, the revision range specified |
| by these two dotted ranges is a single commit D.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="_other_rev_parent_shorthand_notations">Other <rev>^ Parent Shorthand Notations</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Three other shorthands exist, particularly useful for merge commits, |
| for naming a set that is formed by a commit and its parent commits.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The <em>r1^@</em> notation means all parents of <em>r1</em>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The <em>r1^!</em> notation includes commit <em>r1</em> but excludes all of its parents. |
| By itself, this notation denotes the single commit <em>r1</em>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The <em><rev>^-[<n>]</em> notation includes <em><rev></em> but excludes the <n>th |
| parent (i.e. a shorthand for <em><rev>^<n>..<rev></em>), with <em><n></em> = 1 if |
| not given. This is typically useful for merge commits where you |
| can just pass <em><commit>^-</em> to get all the commits in the branch |
| that was merged in merge commit <em><commit></em> (including <em><commit></em> |
| itself).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>While <em><rev>^<n></em> was about specifying a single commit parent, these |
| three notations also consider its parents. For example you can say |
| <em>HEAD^2^@</em>, however you cannot say <em>HEAD^@^2</em>.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_revision_range_summary">Revision Range Summary</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><rev></em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Include commits that are reachable from <rev> (i.e. <rev> and its |
| ancestors).</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em>^<rev></em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Exclude commits that are reachable from <rev> (i.e. <rev> and its |
| ancestors).</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><rev1>..<rev2></em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Include commits that are reachable from <rev2> but exclude |
| those that are reachable from <rev1>. When either <rev1> or |
| <rev2> is omitted, it defaults to <code>HEAD</code>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><rev1>...<rev2></em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Include commits that are reachable from either <rev1> or |
| <rev2> but exclude those that are reachable from both. When |
| either <rev1> or <rev2> is omitted, it defaults to <code>HEAD</code>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><rev>^@</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD^@</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A suffix <em>^</em> followed by an at sign is the same as listing |
| all parents of <em><rev></em> (meaning, include anything reachable from |
| its parents, but not the commit itself).</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><rev>^!</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD^!</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A suffix <em>^</em> followed by an exclamation mark is the same |
| as giving commit <em><rev></em> and all its parents prefixed with |
| <em>^</em> to exclude them (and their ancestors).</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><rev>^-<n></em>, e.g. <em>HEAD^-, HEAD^-2</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Equivalent to <em><rev>^<n>..<rev></em>, with <em><n></em> = 1 if not |
| given.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Here are a handful of examples using the Loeliger illustration above, |
| with each step in the notation’s expansion and selection carefully |
| spelt out:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> Args Expanded arguments Selected commits |
| D G H D |
| D F G H I J D F |
| ^G D H D |
| ^D B E I J F B |
| ^D B C E I J F B C |
| C I J F C |
| B..C = ^B C C |
| B...C = B ^F C G H D E B C |
| B^- = B^..B |
| = ^B^1 B E I J F B |
| C^@ = C^1 |
| = F I J F |
| B^@ = B^1 B^2 B^3 |
| = D E F D G H E F I J |
| C^! = C ^C^@ |
| = C ^C^1 |
| = C ^F C |
| B^! = B ^B^@ |
| = B ^B^1 ^B^2 ^B^3 |
| = B ^D ^E ^F B |
| F^! D = F ^I ^J D G H D F</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><a href="git-rev-parse.html">git-rev-parse(1)</a></p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div id="footer"> |
| <div id="footer-text"> |
| Last updated 2025-06-20 18:10:42 -0700 |
| </div> |
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