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| </head> |
| <body class="manpage"> |
| <div id="header"> |
| <h1>git-bundle(1) Manual Page</h1> |
| <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <p>git-bundle - Move objects and refs by archive</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div id="content"> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="verseblock"> |
| <pre class="content"><em>git bundle</em> create [-q | --quiet | --progress] |
| [--version=<version>] <file> <git-rev-list-args> |
| <em>git bundle</em> verify [-q | --quiet] <file> |
| <em>git bundle</em> list-heads <file> [<refname>…​] |
| <em>git bundle</em> unbundle [--progress] <file> [<refname>…​]</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Create, unpack, and manipulate "bundle" files. Bundles are used for |
| the "offline" transfer of Git objects without an active "server" |
| sitting on the other side of the network connection.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>They can be used to create both incremental and full backups of a |
| repository (see the "full backup" example in "EXAMPLES"), and to relay |
| the state of the references in one repository to another (see the second |
| example).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Git commands that fetch or otherwise "read" via protocols such as |
| <code>ssh://</code> and <code>https://</code> can also operate on bundle files. It is |
| possible <a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a> a new repository from a bundle, to use |
| <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a> to fetch from one, and to list the references |
| contained within it with <a href="git-ls-remote.html">git-ls-remote(1)</a>. There’s no |
| corresponding "write" support, i.e. a <em>git push</em> into a bundle is not |
| supported.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_bundle_format">BUNDLE FORMAT</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Bundles are .<code>pack</code> files (see <a href="git-pack-objects.html">git-pack-objects(1)</a>) with a |
| header indicating what references are contained within the bundle.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Like the packed archive format itself bundles can either be |
| self-contained, or be created using exclusions. |
| See the "OBJECT PREREQUISITES" section below.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Bundles created using revision exclusions are "thin packs" created |
| using the <code>--thin</code> option to <a href="git-pack-objects.html">git-pack-objects(1)</a>, and |
| unbundled using the <code>--fix-thin</code> option to <a href="git-index-pack.html">git-index-pack(1)</a>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>There is no option to create a "thick pack" when using revision |
| exclusions, and users should not be concerned about the difference. By |
| using "thin packs", bundles created using exclusions are smaller in |
| size. That they’re "thin" under the hood is merely noted here as a |
| curiosity, and as a reference to other documentation.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>See <a href="gitformat-bundle.html">gitformat-bundle(5)</a> for more details and the discussion of |
| "thin pack" in <a href="gitformat-pack.html">gitformat-pack(5)</a> for further details.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">create [options] <file> <git-rev-list-args></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Used to create a bundle named <em>file</em>. This requires the |
| <em><git-rev-list-args></em> arguments to define the bundle contents. |
| <em>options</em> contains the options specific to the <em>git bundle create</em> |
| subcommand. If <em>file</em> is <code>-</code>, the bundle is written to stdout.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">verify <file></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Used to check that a bundle file is valid and will apply |
| cleanly to the current repository. This includes checks on the |
| bundle format itself as well as checking that the prerequisite |
| commits exist and are fully linked in the current repository. |
| Then, <em>git bundle</em> prints a list of missing commits, if any. |
| Finally, information about additional capabilities, such as "object |
| filter", is printed. See "Capabilities" in <a href="gitformat-bundle.html">gitformat-bundle(5)</a> |
| for more information. The exit code is zero for success, but will |
| be nonzero if the bundle file is invalid. If <em>file</em> is <code>-</code>, the |
| bundle is read from stdin.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">list-heads <file></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Lists the references defined in the bundle. If followed by a |
| list of references, only references matching those given are |
| printed out. If <em>file</em> is <code>-</code>, the bundle is read from stdin.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">unbundle <file></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Passes the objects in the bundle to <em>git index-pack</em> |
| for storage in the repository, then prints the names of all |
| defined references. If a list of references is given, only |
| references matching those in the list are printed. This command is |
| really plumbing, intended to be called only by <em>git fetch</em>. |
| If <em>file</em> is <code>-</code>, the bundle is read from stdin.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><git-rev-list-args></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A list of arguments, acceptable to <em>git rev-parse</em> and |
| <em>git rev-list</em> (and containing a named ref, see SPECIFYING REFERENCES |
| below), that specifies the specific objects and references |
| to transport. For example, <code>master~10</code><code>..</code><code>master</code> causes the |
| current master reference to be packaged along with all objects |
| added since its 10th ancestor commit. There is no explicit |
| limit to the number of references and objects that may be |
| packaged.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">[<refname>…​]</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A list of references used to limit the references reported as |
| available. This is principally of use to <em>git fetch</em>, which |
| expects to receive only those references asked for and not |
| necessarily everything in the pack (in this case, <em>git bundle</em> acts |
| like <em>git fetch-pack</em>).</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--progress</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Progress status is reported on the standard error stream |
| by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless -q |
| is specified. This flag forces progress status even if |
| the standard error stream is not directed to a terminal.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--version=<version></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Specify the bundle version. Version 2 is the older format and can only be |
| used with SHA-1 repositories; the newer version 3 contains capabilities that |
| permit extensions. The default is the oldest supported format, based on the |
| hash algorithm in use.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">-q</dt> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--quiet</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>This flag makes the command not to report its progress |
| on the standard error stream.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_specifying_references">SPECIFYING REFERENCES</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Revisions must be accompanied by reference names to be packaged in a |
| bundle. Alternatively <code>--all</code> can be used to package all refs.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>More than one reference may be packaged, and more than one set of prerequisite objects can |
| be specified. The objects packaged are those not contained in the |
| union of the prerequisites.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The <em>git bundle create</em> command resolves the reference names for you |
| using the same rules as <code>git</code> <code>rev-parse</code> <code>--abbrev-ref=loose</code>. Each |
| prerequisite can be specified explicitly (e.g. <code>^master~10</code>), or implicitly |
| (e.g. <code>master~10</code><code>..</code><code>master</code>, <code>--since=10.days.ago</code> <code>master</code>).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>All of these simple cases are OK (assuming we have a "master" and |
| "next" branch):</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git bundle create master.bundle master |
| $ echo master | git bundle create master.bundle --stdin |
| $ git bundle create master-and-next.bundle master next |
| $ (echo master; echo next) | git bundle create master-and-next.bundle --stdin</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>And so are these (and the same but omitted <code>--stdin</code> examples):</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git bundle create recent-master.bundle master~10..master |
| $ git bundle create recent-updates.bundle master~10..master next~5..next</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A revision name or a range whose right-hand-side cannot be resolved to |
| a reference is not accepted:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git bundle create HEAD.bundle $(git rev-parse HEAD) |
| fatal: Refusing to create empty bundle. |
| $ git bundle create master-yesterday.bundle master~10..master~5 |
| fatal: Refusing to create empty bundle.</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_object_prerequisites">OBJECT PREREQUISITES</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>When creating bundles it is possible to create a self-contained bundle |
| that can be unbundled in a repository with no common history, as well |
| as providing negative revisions to exclude objects needed in the |
| earlier parts of the history.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Feeding a revision such as <code>new</code> to <code>git</code> <code>bundle</code> <code>create</code> will create a |
| bundle file that contains all the objects reachable from the revision |
| <code>new</code>. That bundle can be unbundled in any repository to obtain a full |
| history that leads to the revision <code>new</code>:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git bundle create full.bundle new</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A revision range such as <code>old</code><code>..</code><code>new</code> will produce a bundle file that |
| will require the revision <code>old</code> (and any objects reachable from it) |
| to exist for the bundle to be "unbundle"-able:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git bundle create full.bundle old..new</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A self-contained bundle without any prerequisites can be extracted |
| into anywhere, even into an empty repository, or be cloned from |
| (i.e., <code>new</code>, but not <code>old</code><code>..</code><code>new</code>).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>It is okay to err on the side of caution, causing the bundle file |
| to contain objects already in the destination, as these are ignored |
| when unpacking at the destination.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If you want to provide the same set of refs that a clone directly |
| from the source repository would get, use <code>--branches</code> <code>--tags</code> for |
| the <em><git-rev-list-args></em>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The <em>git bundle verify</em> command can be used to check whether your |
| recipient repository has the required prerequisite commits for a |
| bundle.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_examples">EXAMPLES</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>We’ll discuss two cases:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="olist arabic"> |
| <ol class="arabic"> |
| <li> |
| <p>Taking a full backup of a repository</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Transferring the history of a repository to another machine when the |
| two machines have no direct connection</p> |
| </li> |
| </ol> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>First let’s consider a full backup of the repository. The following |
| command will take a full backup of the repository in the sense that all |
| refs are included in the bundle:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git bundle create backup.bundle --all</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>But note again that this is only for the refs, i.e. you will only |
| include refs and commits reachable from those refs. You will not |
| include other local state, such as the contents of the index, working |
| tree, the stash, per-repository configuration, hooks, etc.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>You can later recover that repository by using for example |
| <a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a>:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git clone backup.bundle <new directory></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>For the next example, assume you want to transfer the history from a |
| repository R1 on machine A to another repository R2 on machine B. |
| For whatever reason, direct connection between A and B is not allowed, |
| but we can move data from A to B via some mechanism (CD, email, etc.). |
| We want to update R2 with development made on the branch master in R1.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>To bootstrap the process, you can first create a bundle that does not have |
| any prerequisites. You can use a tag to remember up to what commit you last |
| processed, in order to make it easy to later update the other repository |
| with an incremental bundle:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>machineA$ cd R1 |
| machineA$ git bundle create file.bundle master |
| machineA$ git tag -f lastR2bundle master</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Then you transfer file.bundle to the target machine B. Because this |
| bundle does not require any existing object to be extracted, you can |
| create a new repository on machine B by cloning from it:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>machineB$ git clone -b master /home/me/tmp/file.bundle R2</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>This will define a remote called "origin" in the resulting repository that |
| lets you fetch and pull from the bundle. The $GIT_DIR/config file in R2 will |
| have an entry like this:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>[remote "origin"] |
| url = /home/me/tmp/file.bundle |
| fetch = refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>To update the resulting mine.git repository, you can fetch or pull after |
| replacing the bundle stored at /home/me/tmp/file.bundle with incremental |
| updates.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>After working some more in the original repository, you can create an |
| incremental bundle to update the other repository:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>machineA$ cd R1 |
| machineA$ git bundle create file.bundle lastR2bundle..master |
| machineA$ git tag -f lastR2bundle master</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>You then transfer the bundle to the other machine to replace |
| /home/me/tmp/file.bundle, and pull from it.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>machineB$ cd R2 |
| machineB$ git pull</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If you know up to what commit the intended recipient repository should |
| have the necessary objects, you can use that knowledge to specify the |
| prerequisites, giving a cut-off point to limit the revisions and objects that go |
| in the resulting bundle. The previous example used the lastR2bundle tag |
| for this purpose, but you can use any other options that you would give to |
| the <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a> command. Here are more examples:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>You can use a tag that is present in both:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git bundle create mybundle v1.0.0..master</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>You can use a prerequisite based on time:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git bundle create mybundle --since=10.days master</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>You can use the number of commits:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git bundle create mybundle -10 master</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>You can run <code>git-bundle</code> <code>verify</code> to see if you can extract from a bundle |
| that was created with a prerequisite:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git bundle verify mybundle</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>This will list what commits you must have in order to extract from the |
| bundle and will error out if you do not have them.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A bundle from a recipient repository’s point of view is just like a |
| regular repository which it fetches or pulls from. You can, for example, map |
| references when fetching:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git fetch mybundle master:localRef</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>You can also see what references it offers:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git ls-remote mybundle</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_discussion">DISCUSSION</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A naive way to make a full backup of a repository is to use something to |
| the effect of <code>cp</code> <code>-r</code> <em><repo></em> <em><destination></em>. This is discouraged since |
| the repository could be written to during the copy operation. In turn |
| some files at <em><destination></em> could be corrupted.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>This is why it is recommended to use Git tooling for making repository |
| backups, either with this command or with e.g. <a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a>. |
| But keep in mind that these tools will not help you backup state other |
| than refs and commits. In other words they will not help you backup |
| contents of the index, working tree, the stash, per-repository |
| configuration, hooks, etc.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>See also <a href="gitfaq.html">gitfaq(7)</a>, section "TRANSFERS" for a discussion of the |
| problems associated with file syncing across systems.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_file_format">FILE FORMAT</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>See <a href="gitformat-bundle.html">gitformat-bundle(5)</a>.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div id="footer"> |
| <div id="footer-text"> |
| Last updated 2025-06-20 18:10:42 -0700 |
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