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| </head> |
| <body class="manpage"> |
| <div id="header"> |
| <h1>gitcredentials(7) Manual Page</h1> |
| <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <p>gitcredentials - Providing usernames and passwords to Git</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div id="content"> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>git config credential.https://example.com.username myusername |
| git config credential.helper "$helper $options"</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Git will sometimes need credentials from the user in order to perform |
| operations; for example, it may need to ask for a username and password |
| in order to access a remote repository over HTTP. Some remotes accept |
| a personal access token or OAuth access token as a password. This |
| manual describes the mechanisms Git uses to request these credentials, |
| as well as some features to avoid inputting these credentials repeatedly.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_requesting_credentials">REQUESTING CREDENTIALS</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Without any credential helpers defined, Git will try the following |
| strategies to ask the user for usernames and passwords:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="olist arabic"> |
| <ol class="arabic"> |
| <li> |
| <p>If the <code>GIT_ASKPASS</code> environment variable is set, the program |
| specified by the variable is invoked. A suitable prompt is provided |
| to the program on the command line, and the user’s input is read |
| from its standard output.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Otherwise, if the <code>core.askPass</code> configuration variable is set, its |
| value is used as above.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Otherwise, if the <code>SSH_ASKPASS</code> environment variable is set, its |
| value is used as above.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Otherwise, the user is prompted on the terminal.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ol> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_avoiding_repetition">AVOIDING REPETITION</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>It can be cumbersome to input the same credentials over and over. Git |
| provides two methods to reduce this annoyance:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="olist arabic"> |
| <ol class="arabic"> |
| <li> |
| <p>Static configuration of usernames for a given authentication context.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Credential helpers to cache or store passwords, or to interact with |
| a system password wallet or keychain.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ol> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The first is simple and appropriate if you do not have secure storage available |
| for a password. It is generally configured by adding this to your config:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>[credential "https://example.com"] |
| username = me</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Credential helpers, on the other hand, are external programs from which Git can |
| request both usernames and passwords; they typically interface with secure |
| storage provided by the OS or other programs. Alternatively, a |
| credential-generating helper might generate credentials for certain servers via |
| some API.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>To use a helper, you must first select one to use (see below for a list).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>You may also have third-party helpers installed; search for |
| <code>credential-*</code> in the output of <code>git</code> <code>help</code> <code>-a</code>, and consult the |
| documentation of individual helpers. Once you have selected a helper, |
| you can tell Git to use it by putting its name into the |
| credential.helper variable.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="olist arabic"> |
| <ol class="arabic"> |
| <li> |
| <p>Find a helper.</p> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git help -a | grep credential- |
| credential-foo</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Read its description.</p> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git help credential-foo</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Tell Git to use it.</p> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git config --global credential.helper foo</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| </ol> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="_available_helpers">Available helpers</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Git currently includes the following helpers:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">cache</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Cache credentials in memory for a short period of time. See |
| <a href="git-credential-cache.html">git-credential-cache(1)</a> for details.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">store</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Store credentials indefinitely on disk. See |
| <a href="git-credential-store.html">git-credential-store(1)</a> for details.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Popular helpers with secure persistent storage include:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>git-credential-libsecret (Linux)</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>git-credential-osxkeychain (macOS)</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>git-credential-wincred (Windows)</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p><a href="https://github.com/git-ecosystem/git-credential-manager">Git Credential Manager</a> (cross platform, included in Git for Windows)</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The community maintains a comprehensive list of Git credential helpers at |
| <a href="https://git-scm.com/doc/credential-helpers" class="bare">https://git-scm.com/doc/credential-helpers</a>.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="_oauth">OAuth</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>An alternative to inputting passwords or personal access tokens is to use an |
| OAuth credential helper. Initial authentication opens a browser window to the |
| host. Subsequent authentication happens in the background. Many popular Git |
| hosts support OAuth.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Popular helpers with OAuth support include:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p><a href="https://github.com/git-ecosystem/git-credential-manager">Git Credential Manager</a> (cross platform, included in Git for Windows)</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p><a href="https://github.com/hickford/git-credential-oauth">git-credential-oauth</a> (cross platform, included in many Linux distributions)</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_credential_contexts">CREDENTIAL CONTEXTS</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Git considers each credential to have a context defined by a URL. This context |
| is used to look up context-specific configuration, and is passed to any |
| helpers, which may use it as an index into secure storage.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>For instance, imagine we are accessing <code>https://example.com/foo.git</code>. When Git |
| looks into a config file to see if a section matches this context, it will |
| consider the two a match if the context is a more-specific subset of the |
| pattern in the config file. For example, if you have this in your config file:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>[credential "https://example.com"] |
| username = foo</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>then we will match: both protocols are the same, both hosts are the same, and |
| the "pattern" URL does not care about the path component at all. However, this |
| context would not match:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>[credential "https://kernel.org"] |
| username = foo</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>because the hostnames differ. Nor would it match <code>foo.example.com</code>; Git |
| compares hostnames exactly, without considering whether two hosts are part of |
| the same domain. Likewise, a config entry for <code>http://example.com</code> would not |
| match: Git compares the protocols exactly. However, you may use wildcards in |
| the domain name and other pattern matching techniques as with the <code>http.</code><em><URL></em><code>.*</code> |
| options.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If the "pattern" URL does include a path component, then this too must match |
| exactly: the context <code>https://example.com/bar/baz.git</code> will match a config |
| entry for <code>https://example.com/bar/baz.git</code> (in addition to matching the config |
| entry for <code>https://example.com</code>) but will not match a config entry for |
| <code>https://example.com/bar</code>.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_configuration_options">CONFIGURATION OPTIONS</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Options for a credential context can be configured either in |
| <code>credential.*</code> (which applies to all credentials), or |
| <code>credential.</code><em><URL></em><code>.*</code>, where <URL> matches the context as described |
| above.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The following options are available in either location:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">helper</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>The name of an external credential helper, and any associated options. |
| If the helper name is not an absolute path, then the string <code>git</code> |
| <code>credential-</code> is prepended. The resulting string is executed by the |
| shell (so, for example, setting this to <code>foo</code> <code>--option=bar</code> will execute |
| <code>git</code> <code>credential-foo</code> <code>--option=bar</code> via the shell. See the manual of |
| specific helpers for examples of their use.</p> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If there are multiple instances of the <code>credential.helper</code> configuration |
| variable, each helper will be tried in turn, and may provide a username, |
| password, or nothing. Once Git has acquired both a username and a |
| non-expired password, no more helpers will be tried.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If <code>credential.helper</code> is configured to the empty string, this resets |
| the helper list to empty (so you may override a helper set by a |
| lower-priority config file by configuring the empty-string helper, |
| followed by whatever set of helpers you would like).</p> |
| </div> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">username</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A default username, if one is not provided in the URL.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">useHttpPath</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>By default, Git does not consider the "path" component of an http URL |
| to be worth matching via external helpers. This means that a credential |
| stored for <code>https://example.com/foo.git</code> will also be used for |
| <code>https://example.com/bar.git</code>. If you do want to distinguish these |
| cases, set this option to <code>true</code>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_custom_helpers">CUSTOM HELPERS</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>You can write your own custom helpers to interface with any system in |
| which you keep credentials.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Credential helpers are programs executed by Git to fetch or save |
| credentials from and to long-term storage (where "long-term" is simply |
| longer than a single Git process; e.g., credentials may be stored |
| in-memory for a few minutes, or indefinitely on disk).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Each helper is specified by a single string in the configuration |
| variable <code>credential.helper</code> (and others, see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>). |
| The string is transformed by Git into a command to be executed using |
| these rules:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="olist arabic"> |
| <ol class="arabic"> |
| <li> |
| <p>If the helper string begins with "!", it is considered a shell |
| snippet, and everything after the "!" becomes the command.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Otherwise, if the helper string begins with an absolute path, the |
| verbatim helper string becomes the command.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Otherwise, the string "git credential-" is prepended to the helper |
| string, and the result becomes the command.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ol> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The resulting command then has an "operation" argument appended to it |
| (see below for details), and the result is executed by the shell.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Here are some example specifications:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre># run "git credential-foo" |
| [credential] |
| helper = foo |
| |
| # same as above, but pass an argument to the helper |
| [credential] |
| helper = "foo --bar=baz" |
| |
| # the arguments are parsed by the shell, so use shell |
| # quoting if necessary |
| [credential] |
| helper = "foo --bar='whitespace arg'" |
| |
| # store helper (discouraged) with custom location for the db file; |
| # use `--file ~/.git-secret.txt`, rather than `--file=~/.git-secret.txt`, |
| # to allow the shell to expand tilde to the home directory. |
| [credential] |
| helper = "store --file ~/.git-secret.txt" |
| |
| # you can also use an absolute path, which will not use the git wrapper |
| [credential] |
| helper = "/path/to/my/helper --with-arguments" |
| |
| # or you can specify your own shell snippet |
| [credential "https://example.com"] |
| username = your_user |
| helper = "!f() { test \"$1\" = get && echo \"password=$(cat $HOME/.secret)\"; }; f"</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Generally speaking, rule (3) above is the simplest for users to specify. |
| Authors of credential helpers should make an effort to assist their |
| users by naming their program "git-credential-$NAME", and putting it in |
| the <code>$PATH</code> or <code>$GIT_EXEC_PATH</code> during installation, which will allow a |
| user to enable it with <code>git</code> <code>config</code> <code>credential.helper</code> <code>$NAME</code>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>When a helper is executed, it will have one "operation" argument |
| appended to its command line, which is one of:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>get</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Return a matching credential, if any exists.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>store</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Store the credential, if applicable to the helper.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>erase</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Remove matching credentials, if any, from the helper’s storage.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The details of the credential will be provided on the helper’s stdin |
| stream. The exact format is the same as the input/output format of the |
| <code>git</code> <code>credential</code> plumbing command (see the section <code>INPUT/OUTPUT</code> |
| <code>FORMAT</code> in <a href="git-credential.html">git-credential(1)</a> for a detailed specification).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>For a <code>get</code> operation, the helper should produce a list of attributes on |
| stdout in the same format (see <a href="git-credential.html">git-credential(1)</a> for common |
| attributes). A helper is free to produce a subset, or even no values at |
| all if it has nothing useful to provide. Any provided attributes will |
| overwrite those already known about by Git’s credential subsystem. |
| Unrecognised attributes are silently discarded.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>While it is possible to override all attributes, well behaving helpers |
| should refrain from doing so for any attribute other than username and |
| password.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If a helper outputs a <code>quit</code> attribute with a value of <code>true</code> or <code>1</code>, |
| no further helpers will be consulted, nor will the user be prompted |
| (if no credential has been provided, the operation will then fail).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Similarly, no more helpers will be consulted once both username and |
| password had been provided.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>For a <code>store</code> or <code>erase</code> operation, the helper’s output is ignored.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If a helper fails to perform the requested operation or needs to notify |
| the user of a potential issue, it may write to stderr.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If it does not support the requested operation (e.g., a read-only store |
| or generator), it should silently ignore the request.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If a helper receives any other operation, it should silently ignore the |
| request. This leaves room for future operations to be added (older |
| helpers will just ignore the new requests).</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div id="footer"> |
| <div id="footer-text"> |
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