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| </head> |
| <body class="manpage"> |
| <div id="header"> |
| <h1>gitprotocol-pack(5) Manual Page</h1> |
| <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <p>gitprotocol-pack - How packs are transferred over-the-wire</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div id="content"> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="verseblock"> |
| <pre class="content"><over-the-wire-protocol></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Git supports transferring data in packfiles over the ssh://, git://, http:// and |
| file:// transports. There exist two sets of protocols, one for pushing |
| data from a client to a server and another for fetching data from a |
| server to a client. The three transports (ssh, git, file) use the same |
| protocol to transfer data. http is documented in <a href="gitprotocol-http.html">gitprotocol-http(5)</a>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The processes invoked in the canonical Git implementation are <em>upload-pack</em> |
| on the server side and <em>fetch-pack</em> on the client side for fetching data; |
| then <em>receive-pack</em> on the server and <em>send-pack</em> on the client for pushing |
| data. The protocol functions to have a server tell a client what is |
| currently on the server, then for the two to negotiate the smallest amount |
| of data to send in order to fully update one or the other.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_pkt_line_format">pkt-line Format</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The descriptions below build on the pkt-line format described in |
| <a href="gitprotocol-common.html">gitprotocol-common(5)</a>. When the grammar indicates <code>PKT-LINE</code>(<code>...</code>), unless |
| otherwise noted the usual pkt-line LF rules apply: the sender SHOULD |
| include a LF, but the receiver MUST NOT complain if it is not present.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>An error packet is a special pkt-line that contains an error string.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> error-line = PKT-LINE("ERR" SP explanation-text)</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Throughout the protocol, where <code>PKT-LINE</code>(<code>...</code>) is expected, an error packet MAY |
| be sent. Once this packet is sent by a client or a server, the data transfer |
| process defined in this protocol is terminated.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_transports">Transports</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>There are three transports over which the packfile protocol is |
| initiated. The Git transport is a simple, unauthenticated server that |
| takes the command (almost always <em>upload-pack</em>, though Git |
| servers can be configured to be globally writable, in which <em>receive- |
| pack</em> initiation is also allowed) with which the client wishes to |
| communicate and executes it and connects it to the requesting |
| process.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In the SSH transport, the client just runs the <em>upload-pack</em> |
| or <em>receive-pack</em> process on the server over the SSH protocol and then |
| communicates with that invoked process over the SSH connection.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The file:// transport runs the <em>upload-pack</em> or <em>receive-pack</em> |
| process locally and communicates with it over a pipe.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_extra_parameters">Extra Parameters</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The protocol provides a mechanism in which clients can send additional |
| information in its first message to the server. These are called "Extra |
| Parameters", and are supported by the Git, SSH, and HTTP protocols.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Each Extra Parameter takes the form of <em><key></em><code>=</code><em><value></em> or <em><key></em>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Servers that receive any such Extra Parameters MUST ignore all |
| unrecognized keys. Currently, the only Extra Parameter recognized is |
| "version" with a value of <em>1</em> or <em>2</em>. See <a href="gitprotocol-v2.html">gitprotocol-v2(5)</a> for more |
| information on protocol version 2.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_git_transport">Git Transport</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The Git transport starts off by sending the command and repository |
| on the wire using the pkt-line format, followed by a NUL byte and a |
| hostname parameter, terminated by a NUL byte.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>0033git-upload-pack /project.git\0host=myserver.com\0</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The transport may send Extra Parameters by adding an additional NUL |
| byte, and then adding one or more NUL-terminated strings:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>003egit-upload-pack /project.git\0host=myserver.com\0\0version=1\0</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="openblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>git-proto-request = request-command SP pathname NUL |
| [ host-parameter NUL ] [ NUL extra-parameters ] |
| request-command = "git-upload-pack" / "git-receive-pack" / |
| "git-upload-archive" ; case sensitive |
| pathname = *( %x01-ff ) ; exclude NUL |
| host-parameter = "host=" hostname [ ":" port ] |
| extra-parameters = 1*extra-parameter |
| extra-parameter = 1*( %x01-ff ) NUL</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>host-parameter is used for the |
| git-daemon name based virtual hosting. See --interpolated-path |
| option to git daemon, with the %H/%CH format characters.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Basically what the Git client is doing to connect to an <em>upload-pack</em> |
| process on the server side over the Git protocol is this:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ echo -e -n \ |
| "003agit-upload-pack /schacon/gitbook.git\0host=example.com\0" | |
| nc -v example.com 9418</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_ssh_transport">SSH Transport</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Initiating the upload-pack or receive-pack processes over SSH is |
| executing the binary on the server via SSH remote execution. |
| It is basically equivalent to running this:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ ssh git.example.com "git-upload-pack '/project.git'"</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>For a server to support Git pushing and pulling for a given user over |
| SSH, that user needs to be able to execute one or both of those |
| commands via the SSH shell that they are provided on login. On some |
| systems, that shell access is limited to only being able to run those |
| two commands, or even just one of them.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In an ssh:// format URI, it’s absolute in the URI, so the <em>/</em> after |
| the host name (or port number) is sent as an argument, which is then |
| read by the remote git-upload-pack exactly as is, so it’s effectively |
| an absolute path in the remote filesystem.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> git clone ssh://user@example.com/project.git |
| | |
| v |
| ssh user@example.com "git-upload-pack '/project.git'"</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In a "user@host:path" format URI, it’s relative to the user’s home |
| directory, because the Git client will run:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> git clone user@example.com:project.git |
| | |
| v |
| ssh user@example.com "git-upload-pack 'project.git'"</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The exception is if a <em>~</em> is used, in which case |
| we execute it without the leading <em>/</em>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> ssh://user@example.com/~alice/project.git, |
| | |
| v |
| ssh user@example.com "git-upload-pack '~alice/project.git'"</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Depending on the value of the <code>protocol.version</code> configuration variable, |
| Git may attempt to send Extra Parameters as a colon-separated string in |
| the GIT_PROTOCOL environment variable. This is done only if |
| the <code>ssh.variant</code> configuration variable indicates that the ssh command |
| supports passing environment variables as an argument.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A few things to remember here:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>The "command name" is spelled with dash (e.g. git-upload-pack), but |
| this can be overridden by the client;</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>The repository path is always quoted with single quotes.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_fetching_data_from_a_server">Fetching Data From a Server</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>When one Git repository wants to get data that a second repository |
| has, the first can <em>fetch</em> from the second. This operation determines |
| what data the server has that the client does not then streams that |
| data down to the client in packfile format.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_reference_discovery">Reference Discovery</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>When the client initially connects the server will immediately respond |
| with a version number (if "version=1" is sent as an Extra Parameter), |
| and a listing of each reference it has (all branches and tags) along |
| with the object name that each reference currently points to.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> $ echo -e -n "0045git-upload-pack /schacon/gitbook.git\0host=example.com\0\0version=1\0" | |
| nc -v example.com 9418 |
| 000eversion 1 |
| 00887217a7c7e582c46cec22a130adf4b9d7d950fba0 HEAD\0multi_ack thin-pack |
| side-band side-band-64k ofs-delta shallow no-progress include-tag |
| 00441d3fcd5ced445d1abc402225c0b8a1299641f497 refs/heads/integration |
| 003f7217a7c7e582c46cec22a130adf4b9d7d950fba0 refs/heads/master |
| 003cb88d2441cac0977faf98efc80305012112238d9d refs/tags/v0.9 |
| 003c525128480b96c89e6418b1e40909bf6c5b2d580f refs/tags/v1.0 |
| 003fe92df48743b7bc7d26bcaabfddde0a1e20cae47c refs/tags/v1.0^{} |
| 0000</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The returned response is a pkt-line stream describing each ref and |
| its current value. The stream MUST be sorted by name according to |
| the C locale ordering.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If HEAD is a valid ref, HEAD MUST appear as the first advertised |
| ref. If HEAD is not a valid ref, HEAD MUST NOT appear in the |
| advertisement list at all, but other refs may still appear.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The stream MUST include capability declarations behind a NUL on the |
| first ref. The peeled value of a ref (that is "ref^{}") MUST be |
| immediately after the ref itself, if presented. A conforming server |
| MUST peel the ref if it’s an annotated tag.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> advertised-refs = *1("version 1") |
| (no-refs / list-of-refs) |
| *shallow |
| flush-pkt |
| |
| no-refs = PKT-LINE(zero-id SP "capabilities^{}" |
| NUL capability-list) |
| |
| list-of-refs = first-ref *other-ref |
| first-ref = PKT-LINE(obj-id SP refname |
| NUL capability-list) |
| |
| other-ref = PKT-LINE(other-tip / other-peeled) |
| other-tip = obj-id SP refname |
| other-peeled = obj-id SP refname "^{}" |
| |
| shallow = PKT-LINE("shallow" SP obj-id) |
| |
| capability-list = capability *(SP capability) |
| capability = 1*(LC_ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "_") |
| LC_ALPHA = %x61-7A</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Server and client MUST use lowercase for obj-id, both MUST treat obj-id |
| as case-insensitive.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>See protocol-capabilities.txt for a list of allowed server capabilities |
| and descriptions.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_packfile_negotiation">Packfile Negotiation</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>After reference and capabilities discovery, the client can decide to |
| terminate the connection by sending a flush-pkt, telling the server it can |
| now gracefully terminate, and disconnect, when it does not need any pack |
| data. This can happen with the ls-remote command, and also can happen when |
| the client already is up to date.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Otherwise, it enters the negotiation phase, where the client and |
| server determine what the minimal packfile necessary for transport is, |
| by telling the server what objects it wants, its shallow objects |
| (if any), and the maximum commit depth it wants (if any). The client |
| will also send a list of the capabilities it wants to be in effect, |
| out of what the server said it could do with the first <em>want</em> line.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> upload-request = want-list |
| *shallow-line |
| *1depth-request |
| [filter-request] |
| flush-pkt |
| |
| want-list = first-want |
| *additional-want |
| |
| shallow-line = PKT-LINE("shallow" SP obj-id) |
| |
| depth-request = PKT-LINE("deepen" SP depth) / |
| PKT-LINE("deepen-since" SP timestamp) / |
| PKT-LINE("deepen-not" SP ref) |
| |
| first-want = PKT-LINE("want" SP obj-id SP capability-list) |
| additional-want = PKT-LINE("want" SP obj-id) |
| |
| depth = 1*DIGIT |
| |
| filter-request = PKT-LINE("filter" SP filter-spec)</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Clients MUST send all the obj-ids it wants from the reference |
| discovery phase as <em>want</em> lines. Clients MUST send at least one |
| <em>want</em> command in the request body. Clients MUST NOT mention an |
| obj-id in a <em>want</em> command which did not appear in the response |
| obtained through ref discovery.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The client MUST write all obj-ids which it only has shallow copies |
| of (meaning that it does not have the parents of a commit) as |
| <em>shallow</em> lines so that the server is aware of the limitations of |
| the client’s history.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The client now sends the maximum commit history depth it wants for |
| this transaction, which is the number of commits it wants from the |
| tip of the history, if any, as a <em>deepen</em> line. A depth of 0 is the |
| same as not making a depth request. The client does not want to receive |
| any commits beyond this depth, nor does it want objects needed only to |
| complete those commits. Commits whose parents are not received as a |
| result are defined as shallow and marked as such in the server. This |
| information is sent back to the client in the next step.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The client can optionally request that pack-objects omit various |
| objects from the packfile using one of several filtering techniques. |
| These are intended for use with partial clone and partial fetch |
| operations. An object that does not meet a filter-spec value is |
| omitted unless explicitly requested in a <em>want</em> line. See <code>rev-list</code> |
| for possible filter-spec values.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Once all the <em>want’s and 'shallow’s (and optional 'deepen</em>) are |
| transferred, clients MUST send a flush-pkt, to tell the server side |
| that it is done sending the list.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Otherwise, if the client sent a positive depth request, the server |
| will determine which commits will and will not be shallow and |
| send this information to the client. If the client did not request |
| a positive depth, this step is skipped.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> shallow-update = *shallow-line |
| *unshallow-line |
| flush-pkt |
| |
| shallow-line = PKT-LINE("shallow" SP obj-id) |
| |
| unshallow-line = PKT-LINE("unshallow" SP obj-id)</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If the client has requested a positive depth, the server will compute |
| the set of commits which are no deeper than the desired depth. The set |
| of commits starts at the client’s wants.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The server writes <em>shallow</em> lines for each |
| commit whose parents will not be sent as a result. The server writes |
| an <em>unshallow</em> line for each commit which the client has indicated is |
| shallow, but is no longer shallow at the currently requested depth |
| (that is, its parents will now be sent). The server MUST NOT mark |
| as unshallow anything which the client has not indicated was shallow.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Now the client will send a list of the obj-ids it has using <em>have</em> |
| lines, so the server can make a packfile that only contains the objects |
| that the client needs. In multi_ack mode, the canonical implementation |
| will send up to 32 of these at a time, then will send a flush-pkt. The |
| canonical implementation will skip ahead and send the next 32 immediately, |
| so that there is always a block of 32 "in-flight on the wire" at a time.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> upload-haves = have-list |
| compute-end |
| |
| have-list = *have-line |
| have-line = PKT-LINE("have" SP obj-id) |
| compute-end = flush-pkt / PKT-LINE("done")</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If the server reads <em>have</em> lines, it then will respond by ACKing any |
| of the obj-ids the client said it had that the server also has. The |
| server will ACK obj-ids differently depending on which ack mode is |
| chosen by the client.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In multi_ack mode:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>the server will respond with <em>ACK obj-id continue</em> for any common |
| commits.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>once the server has found an acceptable common base commit and is |
| ready to make a packfile, it will blindly ACK all <em>have</em> obj-ids |
| back to the client.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>the server will then send a <em>NAK</em> and then wait for another response |
| from the client - either a <em>done</em> or another list of <em>have</em> lines.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In multi_ack_detailed mode:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>the server will differentiate the ACKs where it is signaling |
| that it is ready to send data with <em>ACK obj-id ready</em> lines, and |
| signals the identified common commits with <em>ACK obj-id common</em> lines.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Without either multi_ack or multi_ack_detailed:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>upload-pack sends "ACK obj-id" on the first common object it finds. |
| After that it says nothing until the client gives it a "done".</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>upload-pack sends "NAK" on a flush-pkt if no common object |
| has been found yet. If one has been found, and thus an ACK |
| was already sent, it’s silent on the flush-pkt.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>After the client has gotten enough ACK responses that it can determine |
| that the server has enough information to send an efficient packfile |
| (in the canonical implementation, this is determined when it has received |
| enough ACKs that it can color everything left in the --date-order queue |
| as common with the server, or the --date-order queue is empty), or the |
| client determines that it wants to give up (in the canonical implementation, |
| this is determined when the client sends 256 <em>have</em> lines without getting |
| any of them ACKed by the server - meaning there is nothing in common and |
| the server should just send all of its objects), then the client will send |
| a <em>done</em> command. The <em>done</em> command signals to the server that the client |
| is ready to receive its packfile data.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>However, the 256 limit <strong>only</strong> turns on in the canonical client |
| implementation if we have received at least one "ACK %s continue" |
| during a prior round. This helps to ensure that at least one common |
| ancestor is found before we give up entirely.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Once the <em>done</em> line is read from the client, the server will either |
| send a final <em>ACK obj-id</em> or it will send a <em>NAK</em>. <em>obj-id</em> is the object |
| name of the last commit determined to be common. The server only sends |
| ACK after <em>done</em> if there is at least one common base and multi_ack or |
| multi_ack_detailed is enabled. The server always sends NAK after <em>done</em> |
| if there is no common base found.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Instead of <em>ACK</em> or <em>NAK</em>, the server may send an error message (for |
| example, if it does not recognize an object in a <em>want</em> line received |
| from the client).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Then the server will start sending its packfile data.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> server-response = *ack_multi ack / nak |
| ack_multi = PKT-LINE("ACK" SP obj-id ack_status) |
| ack_status = "continue" / "common" / "ready" |
| ack = PKT-LINE("ACK" SP obj-id) |
| nak = PKT-LINE("NAK")</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A simple clone may look like this (with no <em>have</em> lines):</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> C: 0054want 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d multi_ack \ |
| side-band-64k ofs-delta\n |
| C: 0032want 7d1665144a3a975c05f1f43902ddaf084e784dbe\n |
| C: 0032want 5a3f6be755bbb7deae50065988cbfa1ffa9ab68a\n |
| C: 0032want 7e47fe2bd8d01d481f44d7af0531bd93d3b21c01\n |
| C: 0032want 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d\n |
| C: 0000 |
| C: 0009done\n |
| |
| S: 0008NAK\n |
| S: [PACKFILE]</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>An incremental update (fetch) response might look like this:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> C: 0054want 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d multi_ack \ |
| side-band-64k ofs-delta\n |
| C: 0032want 7d1665144a3a975c05f1f43902ddaf084e784dbe\n |
| C: 0032want 5a3f6be755bbb7deae50065988cbfa1ffa9ab68a\n |
| C: 0000 |
| C: 0032have 7e47fe2bd8d01d481f44d7af0531bd93d3b21c01\n |
| C: [30 more have lines] |
| C: 0032have 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d\n |
| C: 0000 |
| |
| S: 003aACK 7e47fe2bd8d01d481f44d7af0531bd93d3b21c01 continue\n |
| S: 003aACK 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d continue\n |
| S: 0008NAK\n |
| |
| C: 0009done\n |
| |
| S: 0031ACK 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d\n |
| S: [PACKFILE]</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_packfile_data">Packfile Data</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Now that the client and server have finished negotiation about what |
| the minimal amount of data that needs to be sent to the client is, the server |
| will construct and send the required data in packfile format.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>See <a href="gitformat-pack.html">gitformat-pack(5)</a> for what the packfile itself actually looks like.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If <em>side-band</em> or <em>side-band-64k</em> capabilities have been specified by |
| the client, the server will send the packfile data multiplexed.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Each packet starting with the packet-line length of the amount of data |
| that follows, followed by a single byte specifying the sideband the |
| following data is coming in on.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In <em>side-band</em> mode, it will send up to 999 data bytes plus 1 control |
| code, for a total of up to 1000 bytes in a pkt-line. In <em>side-band-64k</em> |
| mode it will send up to 65519 data bytes plus 1 control code, for a |
| total of up to 65520 bytes in a pkt-line.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The sideband byte will be a <em>1</em>, <em>2</em> or a <em>3</em>. Sideband <em>1</em> will contain |
| packfile data, sideband <em>2</em> will be used for progress information that the |
| client will generally print to stderr and sideband <em>3</em> is used for error |
| information.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If no <em>side-band</em> capability was specified, the server will stream the |
| entire packfile without multiplexing.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_pushing_data_to_a_server">Pushing Data To a Server</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Pushing data to a server will invoke the <em>receive-pack</em> process on the |
| server, which will allow the client to tell it which references it should |
| update and then send all the data the server will need for those new |
| references to be complete. Once all the data is received and validated, |
| the server will then update its references to what the client specified.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_authentication">Authentication</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The protocol itself contains no authentication mechanisms. That is to be |
| handled by the transport, such as SSH, before the <em>receive-pack</em> process is |
| invoked. If <em>receive-pack</em> is configured over the Git transport, those |
| repositories will be writable by anyone who can access that port (9418) as |
| that transport is unauthenticated.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_reference_discovery_2">Reference Discovery</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The reference discovery phase is done nearly the same way as it is in the |
| fetching protocol. Each reference obj-id and name on the server is sent |
| in packet-line format to the client, followed by a flush-pkt. The only |
| real difference is that the capability listing is different - the only |
| possible values are <em>report-status</em>, <em>report-status-v2</em>, <em>delete-refs</em>, |
| <em>ofs-delta</em>, <em>atomic</em> and <em>push-options</em>.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_reference_update_request_and_packfile_transfer">Reference Update Request and Packfile Transfer</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Once the client knows what references the server is at, it can send a |
| list of reference update requests. For each reference on the server |
| that it wants to update, it sends a line listing the obj-id currently on |
| the server, the obj-id the client would like to update it to and the name |
| of the reference.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>This list is followed by a flush-pkt.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> update-requests = *shallow ( command-list | push-cert ) |
| |
| shallow = PKT-LINE("shallow" SP obj-id) |
| |
| command-list = PKT-LINE(command NUL capability-list) |
| *PKT-LINE(command) |
| flush-pkt |
| |
| command = create / delete / update |
| create = zero-id SP new-id SP name |
| delete = old-id SP zero-id SP name |
| update = old-id SP new-id SP name |
| |
| old-id = obj-id |
| new-id = obj-id |
| |
| push-cert = PKT-LINE("push-cert" NUL capability-list LF) |
| PKT-LINE("certificate version 0.1" LF) |
| PKT-LINE("pusher" SP ident LF) |
| PKT-LINE("pushee" SP url LF) |
| PKT-LINE("nonce" SP nonce LF) |
| *PKT-LINE("push-option" SP push-option LF) |
| PKT-LINE(LF) |
| *PKT-LINE(command LF) |
| *PKT-LINE(gpg-signature-lines LF) |
| PKT-LINE("push-cert-end" LF) |
| |
| push-option = 1*( VCHAR | SP )</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If the server has advertised the <em>push-options</em> capability and the client has |
| specified <em>push-options</em> as part of the capability list above, the client then |
| sends its push options followed by a flush-pkt.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> push-options = *PKT-LINE(push-option) flush-pkt</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>For backwards compatibility with older Git servers, if the client sends a push |
| cert and push options, it MUST send its push options both embedded within the |
| push cert and after the push cert. (Note that the push options within the cert |
| are prefixed, but the push options after the cert are not.) Both these lists |
| MUST be the same, modulo the prefix.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>After that the packfile that |
| should contain all the objects that the server will need to complete the new |
| references will be sent.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> packfile = "PACK" 28*(OCTET)</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If the receiving end does not support delete-refs, the sending end MUST |
| NOT ask for delete command.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If the receiving end does not support push-cert, the sending end |
| MUST NOT send a push-cert command. When a push-cert command is |
| sent, command-list MUST NOT be sent; the commands recorded in the |
| push certificate is used instead.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The packfile MUST NOT be sent if the only command used is <em>delete</em>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A packfile MUST be sent if either create or update command is used, |
| even if the server already has all the necessary objects. In this |
| case the client MUST send an empty packfile. The only time this |
| is likely to happen is if the client is creating |
| a new branch or a tag that points to an existing obj-id.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The server will receive the packfile, unpack it, then validate each |
| reference that is being updated that it hasn’t changed while the request |
| was being processed (the obj-id is still the same as the old-id), and |
| it will run any update hooks to make sure that the update is acceptable. |
| If all of that is fine, the server will then update the references.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_push_certificate">Push Certificate</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A push certificate begins with a set of header lines. After the |
| header and an empty line, the protocol commands follow, one per |
| line. Note that the trailing LF in push-cert PKT-LINEs is <em>not</em> |
| optional; it must be present.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Currently, the following header fields are defined:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>pusher</code> ident</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Identify the GPG key in "Human Readable Name <email@address>" |
| format.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>pushee</code> url</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>The repository URL (anonymized, if the URL contains |
| authentication material) the user who ran <code>git</code> <code>push</code> |
| intended to push into.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>nonce</code> nonce</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>The <em>nonce</em> string the receiving repository asked the |
| pushing user to include in the certificate, to prevent |
| replay attacks.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The GPG signature lines are a detached signature for the contents |
| recorded in the push certificate before the signature block begins. |
| The detached signature is used to certify that the commands were |
| given by the pusher, who must be the signer.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_report_status">Report Status</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>After receiving the pack data from the sender, the receiver sends a |
| report if <em>report-status</em> or <em>report-status-v2</em> capability is in effect. |
| It is a short listing of what happened in that update. It will first |
| list the status of the packfile unpacking as either <em>unpack ok</em> or |
| <em>unpack [error]</em>. Then it will list the status for each of the references |
| that it tried to update. Each line is either <em>ok [refname]</em> if the |
| update was successful, or <em>ng [refname] [error]</em> if the update was not.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> report-status = unpack-status |
| 1*(command-status) |
| flush-pkt |
| |
| unpack-status = PKT-LINE("unpack" SP unpack-result) |
| unpack-result = "ok" / error-msg |
| |
| command-status = command-ok / command-fail |
| command-ok = PKT-LINE("ok" SP refname) |
| command-fail = PKT-LINE("ng" SP refname SP error-msg) |
| |
| error-msg = 1*(OCTET) ; where not "ok"</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The <em>report-status-v2</em> capability extends the protocol by adding new option |
| lines in order to support reporting of reference rewritten by the |
| <em>proc-receive</em> hook. The <em>proc-receive</em> hook may handle a command for a |
| pseudo-reference which may create or update one or more references, and each |
| reference may have different name, different new-oid, and different old-oid.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> report-status-v2 = unpack-status |
| 1*(command-status-v2) |
| flush-pkt |
| |
| unpack-status = PKT-LINE("unpack" SP unpack-result) |
| unpack-result = "ok" / error-msg |
| |
| command-status-v2 = command-ok-v2 / command-fail |
| command-ok-v2 = command-ok |
| *option-line |
| |
| command-ok = PKT-LINE("ok" SP refname) |
| command-fail = PKT-LINE("ng" SP refname SP error-msg) |
| |
| error-msg = 1*(OCTET) ; where not "ok" |
| |
| option-line = *1(option-refname) |
| *1(option-old-oid) |
| *1(option-new-oid) |
| *1(option-forced-update) |
| |
| option-refname = PKT-LINE("option" SP "refname" SP refname) |
| option-old-oid = PKT-LINE("option" SP "old-oid" SP obj-id) |
| option-new-oid = PKT-LINE("option" SP "new-oid" SP obj-id) |
| option-force = PKT-LINE("option" SP "forced-update")</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Updates can be unsuccessful for a number of reasons. The reference can have |
| changed since the reference discovery phase was originally sent, meaning |
| someone pushed in the meantime. The reference being pushed could be a |
| non-fast-forward reference and the update hooks or configuration could be |
| set to not allow that, etc. Also, some references can be updated while others |
| can be rejected.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>An example client/server communication might look like this:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> S: 006274730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/local\0report-status delete-refs ofs-delta\n |
| S: 003e7d1665144a3a975c05f1f43902ddaf084e784dbe refs/heads/debug\n |
| S: 003f74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/master\n |
| S: 003d74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/team\n |
| S: 0000 |
| |
| C: 00677d1665144a3a975c05f1f43902ddaf084e784dbe 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/debug\n |
| C: 006874730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d 5a3f6be755bbb7deae50065988cbfa1ffa9ab68a refs/heads/master\n |
| C: 0000 |
| C: [PACKDATA] |
| |
| S: 000eunpack ok\n |
| S: 0018ok refs/heads/debug\n |
| S: 002ang refs/heads/master non-fast-forward\n</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div id="footer"> |
| <div id="footer-text"> |
| Last updated 2025-06-20 18:10:42 -0700 |
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