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// Copyright (c) 2008, Google Inc.
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
// ---
// Author: Ken Ashcraft <opensource@google.com>
#include <config.h>
#include "thread_cache.h"
#include <errno.h>
#include <string.h> // for memcpy
#include <algorithm> // for max, min
#include "base/commandlineflags.h" // for SpinLockHolder
#include "base/spinlock.h" // for SpinLockHolder
#include "central_freelist.h" // for CentralFreeListPadded
#include "maybe_threads.h"
using std::min;
using std::max;
DEFINE_int64(tcmalloc_max_total_thread_cache_bytes,
EnvToInt64("TCMALLOC_MAX_TOTAL_THREAD_CACHE_BYTES",
kDefaultOverallThreadCacheSize),
"Bound on the total amount of bytes allocated to "
"thread caches. This bound is not strict, so it is possible "
"for the cache to go over this bound in certain circumstances. "
"Maximum value of this flag is capped to 1 GB.");
namespace tcmalloc {
static bool phinited = false;
volatile size_t ThreadCache::per_thread_cache_size_ = kMaxThreadCacheSize;
size_t ThreadCache::overall_thread_cache_size_ = kDefaultOverallThreadCacheSize;
ssize_t ThreadCache::unclaimed_cache_space_ = kDefaultOverallThreadCacheSize;
PageHeapAllocator<ThreadCache> threadcache_allocator;
ThreadCache* ThreadCache::thread_heaps_ = NULL;
int ThreadCache::thread_heap_count_ = 0;
ThreadCache* ThreadCache::next_memory_steal_ = NULL;
#ifdef HAVE_TLS
__thread ThreadCache* ThreadCache::threadlocal_heap_
// See comments in thread_cache.h about this. Bug here:
// http://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=124489
//
// gcc has a problem with this tls model on arm.
// See https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=650137
#if defined(HAVE___ATTRIBUTE__) && !defined(PGO_GENERATE) && \
!(!defined(__clang__) && defined(OS_CHROMEOS) && defined(__arm__))
__attribute__ ((tls_model ("initial-exec")))
# endif
;
#endif
bool ThreadCache::tsd_inited_ = false;
pthread_key_t ThreadCache::heap_key_;
#if defined(HAVE_TLS)
bool kernel_supports_tls = false; // be conservative
# if defined(_WIN32) // windows has supported TLS since winnt, I think.
void CheckIfKernelSupportsTLS() {
kernel_supports_tls = true;
}
# elif !HAVE_DECL_UNAME // if too old for uname, probably too old for TLS
void CheckIfKernelSupportsTLS() {
kernel_supports_tls = false;
}
# else
# include <sys/utsname.h> // DECL_UNAME checked for <sys/utsname.h> too
void CheckIfKernelSupportsTLS() {
struct utsname buf;
if (uname(&buf) < 0) { // should be impossible
Log(kLog, __FILE__, __LINE__,
"uname failed assuming no TLS support (errno)", errno);
kernel_supports_tls = false;
} else if (strcasecmp(buf.sysname, "linux") == 0) {
// The linux case: the first kernel to support TLS was 2.6.0
if (buf.release[0] < '2' && buf.release[1] == '.') // 0.x or 1.x
kernel_supports_tls = false;
else if (buf.release[0] == '2' && buf.release[1] == '.' &&
buf.release[2] >= '0' && buf.release[2] < '6' &&
buf.release[3] == '.') // 2.0 - 2.5
kernel_supports_tls = false;
else
kernel_supports_tls = true;
} else if (strcasecmp(buf.sysname, "CYGWIN_NT-6.1-WOW64") == 0) {
// In my testing, this version of cygwin, at least, would hang
// when using TLS.
kernel_supports_tls = false;
} else { // some other kernel, we'll be optimisitic
kernel_supports_tls = true;
}
// TODO(csilvers): VLOG(1) the tls status once we support RAW_VLOG
}
# endif // HAVE_DECL_UNAME
#endif // HAVE_TLS
void ThreadCache::Init(pthread_t tid) {
size_ = 0;
total_bytes_allocated_ = 0;
max_size_ = 0;
IncreaseCacheLimitLocked();
if (max_size_ == 0) {
// There isn't enough memory to go around. Just give the minimum to
// this thread.
max_size_ = kMinThreadCacheSize;
// Take unclaimed_cache_space_ negative.
unclaimed_cache_space_ -= kMinThreadCacheSize;
ASSERT(unclaimed_cache_space_ < 0);
}
next_ = NULL;
prev_ = NULL;
tid_ = tid;
in_setspecific_ = false;
for (size_t cl = 0; cl < kNumClasses; ++cl) {
list_[cl].Init();
}
uint32_t sampler_seed;
memcpy(&sampler_seed, &tid, sizeof(sampler_seed));
sampler_.Init(sampler_seed);
}
void ThreadCache::Cleanup() {
// Put unused memory back into central cache
for (int cl = 0; cl < kNumClasses; ++cl) {
if (list_[cl].length() > 0) {
ReleaseToCentralCache(&list_[cl], cl, list_[cl].length());
}
}
}
// Remove some objects of class "cl" from central cache and add to thread heap.
// On success, return the first object for immediate use; otherwise return NULL.
void* ThreadCache::FetchFromCentralCache(size_t cl, size_t byte_size) {
FreeList* list = &list_[cl];
ASSERT(list->empty());
const int batch_size = Static::sizemap()->num_objects_to_move(cl);
const int num_to_move = min<int>(list->max_length(), batch_size);
void *start, *end;
int fetch_count = Static::central_cache()[cl].RemoveRange(
&start, &end, num_to_move);
ASSERT((start == NULL) == (fetch_count == 0));
if (--fetch_count >= 0) {
size_ += byte_size * fetch_count;
// Pop the top of the list and add the rest to the freelist.
void *second = start;
start = FL_Pop(&second);
list->PushRange(fetch_count, second, end);
}
// Increase max length slowly up to batch_size. After that,
// increase by batch_size in one shot so that the length is a
// multiple of batch_size.
if (list->max_length() < batch_size) {
list->set_max_length(list->max_length() + 1);
} else {
// Don't let the list get too long. In 32 bit builds, the length
// is represented by a 16 bit int, so we need to watch out for
// integer overflow.
int new_length = min<int>(list->max_length() + batch_size,
kMaxDynamicFreeListLength);
// The list's max_length must always be a multiple of batch_size,
// and kMaxDynamicFreeListLength is not necessarily a multiple
// of batch_size.
new_length -= new_length % batch_size;
ASSERT(new_length % batch_size == 0);
list->set_max_length(new_length);
}
return start;
}
void ThreadCache::ListTooLong(FreeList* list, size_t cl) {
const int batch_size = Static::sizemap()->num_objects_to_move(cl);
ReleaseToCentralCache(list, cl, batch_size);
// If the list is too long, we need to transfer some number of
// objects to the central cache. Ideally, we would transfer
// num_objects_to_move, so the code below tries to make max_length
// converge on num_objects_to_move.
if (list->max_length() < batch_size) {
// Slow start the max_length so we don't overreserve.
list->set_max_length(list->max_length() + 1);
} else if (list->max_length() > batch_size) {
// If we consistently go over max_length, shrink max_length. If we don't
// shrink it, some amount of memory will always stay in this freelist.
list->set_length_overages(list->length_overages() + 1);
if (list->length_overages() > kMaxOverages) {
ASSERT(list->max_length() > batch_size);
list->set_max_length(list->max_length() - batch_size);
list->set_length_overages(0);
}
}
}
// Remove some objects of class "cl" from thread heap and add to central cache
void ThreadCache::ReleaseToCentralCache(FreeList* src, size_t cl, int N) {
ASSERT(src == &list_[cl]);
if (N > src->length()) N = src->length();
size_t delta_bytes = N * Static::sizemap()->ByteSizeForClass(cl);
// We return prepackaged chains of the correct size to the central cache.
// TODO: Use the same format internally in the thread caches?
int batch_size = Static::sizemap()->num_objects_to_move(cl);
while (N > batch_size) {
void *tail, *head;
src->PopRange(batch_size, &head, &tail);
Static::central_cache()[cl].InsertRange(head, tail, batch_size);
N -= batch_size;
}
void *tail, *head;
src->PopRange(N, &head, &tail);
Static::central_cache()[cl].InsertRange(head, tail, N);
size_ -= delta_bytes;
}
// Release idle memory to the central cache
void ThreadCache::Scavenge() {
// If the low-water mark for the free list is L, it means we would
// not have had to allocate anything from the central cache even if
// we had reduced the free list size by L. We aim to get closer to
// that situation by dropping L/2 nodes from the free list. This
// may not release much memory, but if so we will call scavenge again
// pretty soon and the low-water marks will be high on that call.
//int64 start = CycleClock::Now();
for (int cl = 0; cl < kNumClasses; cl++) {
FreeList* list = &list_[cl];
const int lowmark = list->lowwatermark();
if (lowmark > 0) {
const int drop = (lowmark > 1) ? lowmark/2 : 1;
ReleaseToCentralCache(list, cl, drop);
// Shrink the max length if it isn't used. Only shrink down to
// batch_size -- if the thread was active enough to get the max_length
// above batch_size, it will likely be that active again. If
// max_length shinks below batch_size, the thread will have to
// go through the slow-start behavior again. The slow-start is useful
// mainly for threads that stay relatively idle for their entire
// lifetime.
const int batch_size = Static::sizemap()->num_objects_to_move(cl);
if (list->max_length() > batch_size) {
list->set_max_length(
max<int>(list->max_length() - batch_size, batch_size));
}
}
list->clear_lowwatermark();
}
IncreaseCacheLimit();
}
void ThreadCache::IncreaseCacheLimit() {
SpinLockHolder h(Static::pageheap_lock());
IncreaseCacheLimitLocked();
}
void ThreadCache::IncreaseCacheLimitLocked() {
if (unclaimed_cache_space_ > 0) {
// Possibly make unclaimed_cache_space_ negative.
unclaimed_cache_space_ -= kStealAmount;
max_size_ += kStealAmount;
return;
}
// Don't hold pageheap_lock too long. Try to steal from 10 other
// threads before giving up. The i < 10 condition also prevents an
// infinite loop in case none of the existing thread heaps are
// suitable places to steal from.
for (int i = 0; i < 10;
++i, next_memory_steal_ = next_memory_steal_->next_) {
// Reached the end of the linked list. Start at the beginning.
if (next_memory_steal_ == NULL) {
ASSERT(thread_heaps_ != NULL);
next_memory_steal_ = thread_heaps_;
}
if (next_memory_steal_ == this ||
next_memory_steal_->max_size_ <= kMinThreadCacheSize) {
continue;
}
next_memory_steal_->max_size_ -= kStealAmount;
max_size_ += kStealAmount;
next_memory_steal_ = next_memory_steal_->next_;
return;
}
}
int ThreadCache::GetSamplePeriod() {
return sampler_.GetSamplePeriod();
}
// static
unsigned int ThreadCache::GetBytesAllocatedOnCurrentThread() {
return ThreadCache::GetThreadHeap()->GetTotalBytesAllocated();
}
void ThreadCache::InitModule() {
SpinLockHolder h(Static::pageheap_lock());
if (!phinited) {
Static::InitStaticVars();
threadcache_allocator.Init();
phinited = 1;
}
}
void ThreadCache::InitTSD() {
ASSERT(!tsd_inited_);
perftools_pthread_key_create(&heap_key_, DestroyThreadCache);
tsd_inited_ = true;
#ifdef PTHREADS_CRASHES_IF_RUN_TOO_EARLY
// We may have used a fake pthread_t for the main thread. Fix it.
pthread_t zero;
memset(&zero, 0, sizeof(zero));
SpinLockHolder h(Static::pageheap_lock());
for (ThreadCache* h = thread_heaps_; h != NULL; h = h->next_) {
if (h->tid_ == zero) {
h->tid_ = pthread_self();
}
}
#endif
}
ThreadCache* ThreadCache::CreateCacheIfNecessary() {
// Initialize per-thread data if necessary
ThreadCache* heap = NULL;
{
SpinLockHolder h(Static::pageheap_lock());
// On some old glibc's, and on freebsd's libc (as of freebsd 8.1),
// calling pthread routines (even pthread_self) too early could
// cause a segfault. Since we can call pthreads quite early, we
// have to protect against that in such situations by making a
// 'fake' pthread. This is not ideal since it doesn't work well
// when linking tcmalloc statically with apps that create threads
// before main, so we only do it if we have to.
#ifdef PTHREADS_CRASHES_IF_RUN_TOO_EARLY
pthread_t me;
if (!tsd_inited_) {
memset(&me, 0, sizeof(me));
} else {
me = pthread_self();
}
#else
const pthread_t me = pthread_self();
#endif
// This may be a recursive malloc call from pthread_setspecific()
// In that case, the heap for this thread has already been created
// and added to the linked list. So we search for that first.
for (ThreadCache* h = thread_heaps_; h != NULL; h = h->next_) {
if (h->tid_ == me) {
heap = h;
break;
}
}
if (heap == NULL) heap = NewHeap(me);
}
// We call pthread_setspecific() outside the lock because it may
// call malloc() recursively. We check for the recursive call using
// the "in_setspecific_" flag so that we can avoid calling
// pthread_setspecific() if we are already inside pthread_setspecific().
if (!heap->in_setspecific_ && tsd_inited_) {
heap->in_setspecific_ = true;
perftools_pthread_setspecific(heap_key_, heap);
#ifdef HAVE_TLS
// Also keep a copy in __thread for faster retrieval
threadlocal_heap_ = heap;
#endif
heap->in_setspecific_ = false;
}
return heap;
}
ThreadCache* ThreadCache::NewHeap(pthread_t tid) {
// Create the heap and add it to the linked list
ThreadCache *heap = threadcache_allocator.New();
heap->Init(tid);
heap->next_ = thread_heaps_;
heap->prev_ = NULL;
if (thread_heaps_ != NULL) {
thread_heaps_->prev_ = heap;
} else {
// This is the only thread heap at the momment.
ASSERT(next_memory_steal_ == NULL);
next_memory_steal_ = heap;
}
thread_heaps_ = heap;
thread_heap_count_++;
return heap;
}
void ThreadCache::BecomeIdle() {
if (!tsd_inited_) return; // No caches yet
ThreadCache* heap = GetThreadHeap();
if (heap == NULL) return; // No thread cache to remove
if (heap->in_setspecific_) return; // Do not disturb the active caller
heap->in_setspecific_ = true;
perftools_pthread_setspecific(heap_key_, NULL);
#ifdef HAVE_TLS
// Also update the copy in __thread
threadlocal_heap_ = NULL;
#endif
heap->in_setspecific_ = false;
if (GetThreadHeap() == heap) {
// Somehow heap got reinstated by a recursive call to malloc
// from pthread_setspecific. We give up in this case.
return;
}
// We can now get rid of the heap
DeleteCache(heap);
}
void ThreadCache::DestroyThreadCache(void* ptr) {
// Note that "ptr" cannot be NULL since pthread promises not
// to invoke the destructor on NULL values, but for safety,
// we check anyway.
if (ptr == NULL) return;
#ifdef HAVE_TLS
// Prevent fast path of GetThreadHeap() from returning heap.
threadlocal_heap_ = NULL;
#endif
DeleteCache(reinterpret_cast<ThreadCache*>(ptr));
}
void ThreadCache::DeleteCache(ThreadCache* heap) {
// Remove all memory from heap
heap->Cleanup();
// Remove from linked list
SpinLockHolder h(Static::pageheap_lock());
if (heap->next_ != NULL) heap->next_->prev_ = heap->prev_;
if (heap->prev_ != NULL) heap->prev_->next_ = heap->next_;
if (thread_heaps_ == heap) thread_heaps_ = heap->next_;
thread_heap_count_--;
if (next_memory_steal_ == heap) next_memory_steal_ = heap->next_;
if (next_memory_steal_ == NULL) next_memory_steal_ = thread_heaps_;
unclaimed_cache_space_ += heap->max_size_;
threadcache_allocator.Delete(heap);
}
void ThreadCache::RecomputePerThreadCacheSize() {
// Divide available space across threads
int n = thread_heap_count_ > 0 ? thread_heap_count_ : 1;
size_t space = overall_thread_cache_size_ / n;
// Limit to allowed range
if (space < kMinThreadCacheSize) space = kMinThreadCacheSize;
if (space > kMaxThreadCacheSize) space = kMaxThreadCacheSize;
double ratio = space / max<double>(1, per_thread_cache_size_);
size_t claimed = 0;
for (ThreadCache* h = thread_heaps_; h != NULL; h = h->next_) {
// Increasing the total cache size should not circumvent the
// slow-start growth of max_size_.
if (ratio < 1.0) {
h->max_size_ = static_cast<size_t>(h->max_size_ * ratio);
}
claimed += h->max_size_;
}
unclaimed_cache_space_ = overall_thread_cache_size_ - claimed;
per_thread_cache_size_ = space;
}
void ThreadCache::GetThreadStats(uint64_t* total_bytes, uint64_t* class_count) {
for (ThreadCache* h = thread_heaps_; h != NULL; h = h->next_) {
*total_bytes += h->Size();
if (class_count) {
for (int cl = 0; cl < kNumClasses; ++cl) {
class_count[cl] += h->freelist_length(cl);
}
}
}
}
void ThreadCache::set_overall_thread_cache_size(size_t new_size) {
// Clip the value to a reasonable range
if (new_size < kMinThreadCacheSize) new_size = kMinThreadCacheSize;
if (new_size > (1<<30)) new_size = (1<<30); // Limit to 1GB
overall_thread_cache_size_ = new_size;
RecomputePerThreadCacheSize();
}
} // namespace tcmalloc