| /* |
| * Copyright (C) 2012 Google Inc. All rights reserved. |
| * |
| * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without |
| * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are |
| * met: |
| * |
| * * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright |
| * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. |
| * * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above |
| * copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer |
| * in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the |
| * distribution. |
| * * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its |
| * contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from |
| * this software without specific prior written permission. |
| * |
| * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS |
| * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT |
| * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR |
| * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT |
| * OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, |
| * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT |
| * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, |
| * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY |
| * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT |
| * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE |
| * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. |
| */ |
| |
| #include "web/WebPagePopupImpl.h" |
| |
| #include "core/dom/ContextFeatures.h" |
| #include "core/events/MessageEvent.h" |
| #include "core/frame/FrameHost.h" |
| #include "core/frame/FrameView.h" |
| #include "core/frame/LocalFrame.h" |
| #include "core/frame/Settings.h" |
| #include "core/frame/VisualViewport.h" |
| #include "core/input/EventHandler.h" |
| #include "core/layout/api/LayoutAPIShim.h" |
| #include "core/layout/api/LayoutViewItem.h" |
| #include "core/loader/EmptyClients.h" |
| #include "core/loader/FrameLoadRequest.h" |
| #include "core/page/FocusController.h" |
| #include "core/page/Page.h" |
| #include "core/page/PagePopupClient.h" |
| #include "core/page/PagePopupSupplement.h" |
| #include "modules/accessibility/AXObject.h" |
| #include "modules/accessibility/AXObjectCacheImpl.h" |
| #include "platform/EventDispatchForbiddenScope.h" |
| #include "platform/LayoutTestSupport.h" |
| #include "platform/ScriptForbiddenScope.h" |
| #include "platform/TraceEvent.h" |
| #include "platform/heap/Handle.h" |
| #include "public/platform/WebCompositeAndReadbackAsyncCallback.h" |
| #include "public/platform/WebCursorInfo.h" |
| #include "public/web/WebAXObject.h" |
| #include "public/web/WebFrameClient.h" |
| #include "public/web/WebViewClient.h" |
| #include "public/web/WebWidgetClient.h" |
| #include "web/WebInputEventConversion.h" |
| #include "web/WebLocalFrameImpl.h" |
| #include "web/WebSettingsImpl.h" |
| #include "web/WebViewImpl.h" |
| #include "wtf/PtrUtil.h" |
| |
| namespace blink { |
| |
| class PagePopupChromeClient final : public EmptyChromeClient { |
| public: |
| static PagePopupChromeClient* create(WebPagePopupImpl* popup) |
| { |
| return new PagePopupChromeClient(popup); |
| } |
| |
| void setWindowRect(const IntRect& rect) override |
| { |
| m_popup->setWindowRect(rect); |
| } |
| |
| private: |
| explicit PagePopupChromeClient(WebPagePopupImpl* popup) |
| : m_popup(popup) |
| { |
| DCHECK(m_popup->widgetClient()); |
| } |
| |
| void closeWindowSoon() override |
| { |
| m_popup->closePopup(); |
| } |
| |
| IntRect windowRect() override |
| { |
| return m_popup->windowRectInScreen(); |
| } |
| |
| IntRect viewportToScreen(const IntRect& rect, const Widget* widget) const override |
| { |
| WebRect rectInScreen(rect); |
| WebRect windowRect = m_popup->windowRectInScreen(); |
| m_popup->widgetClient()->convertViewportToWindow(&rectInScreen); |
| rectInScreen.x += windowRect.x; |
| rectInScreen.y += windowRect.y; |
| return rectInScreen; |
| } |
| |
| void addMessageToConsole(LocalFrame*, MessageSource, MessageLevel, const String& message, unsigned lineNumber, const String&, const String&) override |
| { |
| #ifndef NDEBUG |
| fprintf(stderr, "CONSOLE MESSSAGE:%u: %s\n", lineNumber, message.utf8().data()); |
| #endif |
| } |
| |
| void invalidateRect(const IntRect& paintRect) override |
| { |
| if (!paintRect.isEmpty()) |
| m_popup->widgetClient()->didInvalidateRect(paintRect); |
| } |
| |
| void scheduleAnimation(Widget*) override |
| { |
| // Calling scheduleAnimation on m_webView so WebTestProxy will call beginFrame. |
| if (LayoutTestSupport::isRunningLayoutTest()) |
| m_popup->m_webView->scheduleAnimation(); |
| |
| if (m_popup->isAcceleratedCompositingActive()) { |
| DCHECK(m_popup->m_layerTreeView); |
| m_popup->m_layerTreeView->setNeedsBeginFrame(); |
| return; |
| } |
| m_popup->m_widgetClient->scheduleAnimation(); |
| } |
| |
| void attachCompositorAnimationTimeline(CompositorAnimationTimeline* timeline, LocalFrame*) override |
| { |
| if (m_popup->m_layerTreeView) |
| m_popup->m_layerTreeView->attachCompositorAnimationTimeline(timeline->animationTimeline()); |
| } |
| |
| void detachCompositorAnimationTimeline(CompositorAnimationTimeline* timeline, LocalFrame*) override |
| { |
| if (m_popup->m_layerTreeView) |
| m_popup->m_layerTreeView->detachCompositorAnimationTimeline(timeline->animationTimeline()); |
| } |
| |
| WebScreenInfo screenInfo() const override |
| { |
| return m_popup->m_webView->client() ? m_popup->m_webView->client()->screenInfo() : WebScreenInfo(); |
| } |
| |
| void* webView() const override |
| { |
| return m_popup->m_webView; |
| } |
| |
| IntSize minimumWindowSize() const override |
| { |
| return IntSize(0, 0); |
| } |
| |
| void setCursor(const Cursor& cursor, LocalFrame* localRoot) override |
| { |
| if (m_popup->m_webView->client()) |
| m_popup->m_webView->client()->didChangeCursor(WebCursorInfo(cursor)); |
| } |
| |
| void setEventListenerProperties(WebEventListenerClass eventClass, WebEventListenerProperties properties) override |
| { |
| if (m_popup->m_layerTreeView) { |
| m_popup->m_layerTreeView->setEventListenerProperties(eventClass, properties); |
| if (eventClass == WebEventListenerClass::TouchStartOrMove) { |
| m_popup->widgetClient()->hasTouchEventHandlers(properties != WebEventListenerProperties::Nothing || eventListenerProperties(WebEventListenerClass::TouchEndOrCancel) != WebEventListenerProperties::Nothing); |
| } else if (eventClass == WebEventListenerClass::TouchEndOrCancel) { |
| m_popup->widgetClient()->hasTouchEventHandlers(properties != WebEventListenerProperties::Nothing || eventListenerProperties(WebEventListenerClass::TouchStartOrMove) != WebEventListenerProperties::Nothing); |
| } |
| } else { |
| m_popup->widgetClient()->hasTouchEventHandlers(true); |
| } |
| } |
| WebEventListenerProperties eventListenerProperties(WebEventListenerClass eventClass) const override |
| { |
| if (m_popup->m_layerTreeView) |
| return m_popup->m_layerTreeView->eventListenerProperties(eventClass); |
| return WebEventListenerProperties::Nothing; |
| } |
| |
| void setHasScrollEventHandlers(bool hasEventHandlers) override |
| { |
| if (m_popup->m_layerTreeView) |
| m_popup->m_layerTreeView->setHaveScrollEventHandlers(hasEventHandlers); |
| } |
| |
| bool hasScrollEventHandlers() const override |
| { |
| if (m_popup->m_layerTreeView) |
| return m_popup->m_layerTreeView->haveScrollEventHandlers(); |
| return false; |
| } |
| |
| void setTouchAction(TouchAction touchAction) override |
| { |
| if (WebViewClient* client = m_popup->m_webView->client()) |
| client->setTouchAction(static_cast<WebTouchAction>(touchAction)); |
| } |
| |
| void attachRootGraphicsLayer(GraphicsLayer* graphicsLayer, LocalFrame* localRoot) override |
| { |
| m_popup->setRootGraphicsLayer(graphicsLayer); |
| } |
| |
| void postAccessibilityNotification(AXObject* obj, AXObjectCache::AXNotification notification) override |
| { |
| WebLocalFrameImpl* frame = WebLocalFrameImpl::fromFrame(m_popup->m_popupClient->ownerElement().document().frame()); |
| if (obj && frame && frame->client()) |
| frame->client()->postAccessibilityEvent(WebAXObject(obj), static_cast<WebAXEvent>(notification)); |
| } |
| |
| void setToolTip(const String& tooltipText, TextDirection dir) override |
| { |
| if (m_popup->widgetClient()) |
| m_popup->widgetClient()->setToolTipText(tooltipText, toWebTextDirection(dir)); |
| } |
| |
| WebPagePopupImpl* m_popup; |
| }; |
| |
| class PagePopupFeaturesClient : public ContextFeaturesClient { |
| bool isEnabled(Document*, ContextFeatures::FeatureType, bool) override; |
| }; |
| |
| bool PagePopupFeaturesClient::isEnabled(Document*, ContextFeatures::FeatureType type, bool defaultValue) |
| { |
| if (type == ContextFeatures::PagePopup) |
| return true; |
| return defaultValue; |
| } |
| |
| // WebPagePopupImpl ---------------------------------------------------------------- |
| |
| WebPagePopupImpl::WebPagePopupImpl(WebWidgetClient* client) |
| : m_widgetClient(client) |
| , m_closing(false) |
| , m_layerTreeView(0) |
| , m_rootLayer(0) |
| , m_rootGraphicsLayer(0) |
| , m_isAcceleratedCompositingActive(false) |
| { |
| DCHECK(client); |
| } |
| |
| WebPagePopupImpl::~WebPagePopupImpl() |
| { |
| DCHECK(!m_page); |
| } |
| |
| bool WebPagePopupImpl::initialize(WebViewImpl* webView, PagePopupClient* popupClient) |
| { |
| DCHECK(webView); |
| DCHECK(popupClient); |
| m_webView = webView; |
| m_popupClient = popupClient; |
| |
| if (!m_widgetClient || !initializePage()) |
| return false; |
| m_widgetClient->show(WebNavigationPolicy()); |
| setFocus(true); |
| |
| return true; |
| } |
| |
| bool WebPagePopupImpl::initializePage() |
| { |
| Page::PageClients pageClients; |
| fillWithEmptyClients(pageClients); |
| m_chromeClient = PagePopupChromeClient::create(this); |
| pageClients.chromeClient = m_chromeClient.get(); |
| |
| m_page = Page::create(pageClients); |
| m_page->settings().setScriptEnabled(true); |
| m_page->settings().setAllowScriptsToCloseWindows(true); |
| m_page->settings().setDeviceSupportsTouch(m_webView->page()->settings().deviceSupportsTouch()); |
| // FIXME: Should we support enabling a11y while a popup is shown? |
| m_page->settings().setAccessibilityEnabled(m_webView->page()->settings().accessibilityEnabled()); |
| m_page->settings().setScrollAnimatorEnabled(m_webView->page()->settings().scrollAnimatorEnabled()); |
| |
| provideContextFeaturesTo(*m_page, wrapUnique(new PagePopupFeaturesClient())); |
| DEFINE_STATIC_LOCAL(FrameLoaderClient, emptyFrameLoaderClient, (EmptyFrameLoaderClient::create())); |
| LocalFrame* frame = LocalFrame::create(&emptyFrameLoaderClient, &m_page->frameHost(), 0); |
| frame->setPagePopupOwner(m_popupClient->ownerElement()); |
| frame->setView(FrameView::create(frame)); |
| frame->init(); |
| frame->view()->setParentVisible(true); |
| frame->view()->setSelfVisible(true); |
| frame->view()->setTransparent(false); |
| if (AXObjectCache* cache = m_popupClient->ownerElement().document().existingAXObjectCache()) |
| cache->childrenChanged(&m_popupClient->ownerElement()); |
| |
| DCHECK(frame->localDOMWindow()); |
| PagePopupSupplement::install(*frame, *this, m_popupClient); |
| DCHECK_EQ(m_popupClient->ownerElement().document().existingAXObjectCache(), frame->document()->existingAXObjectCache()); |
| |
| RefPtr<SharedBuffer> data = SharedBuffer::create(); |
| m_popupClient->writeDocument(data.get()); |
| frame->loader().load(FrameLoadRequest(0, blankURL(), SubstituteData(data, "text/html", "UTF-8", KURL(), ForceSynchronousLoad))); |
| frame->setPageZoomFactor(m_popupClient->zoomFactor()); |
| return true; |
| } |
| |
| void WebPagePopupImpl::postMessage(const String& message) |
| { |
| if (!m_page) |
| return; |
| ScriptForbiddenScope::AllowUserAgentScript allowScript; |
| if (LocalDOMWindow* window = toLocalFrame(m_page->mainFrame())->localDOMWindow()) |
| window->dispatchEvent(MessageEvent::create(message)); |
| } |
| |
| void WebPagePopupImpl::destroyPage() |
| { |
| if (!m_page) |
| return; |
| |
| m_page->willBeDestroyed(); |
| m_page.clear(); |
| } |
| |
| AXObject* WebPagePopupImpl::rootAXObject() |
| { |
| if (!m_page || !m_page->mainFrame()) |
| return 0; |
| Document* document = toLocalFrame(m_page->mainFrame())->document(); |
| if (!document) |
| return 0; |
| AXObjectCache* cache = document->axObjectCache(); |
| DCHECK(cache); |
| return toAXObjectCacheImpl(cache)->getOrCreate(toLayoutView(LayoutAPIShim::layoutObjectFrom(document->layoutViewItem()))); |
| } |
| |
| void WebPagePopupImpl::setWindowRect(const IntRect& rectInScreen) |
| { |
| widgetClient()->setWindowRect(rectInScreen); |
| } |
| |
| void WebPagePopupImpl::setRootGraphicsLayer(GraphicsLayer* layer) |
| { |
| m_rootGraphicsLayer = layer; |
| m_rootLayer = layer ? layer->platformLayer() : 0; |
| |
| setIsAcceleratedCompositingActive(layer); |
| if (m_layerTreeView) { |
| if (m_rootLayer) { |
| m_layerTreeView->setRootLayer(*m_rootLayer); |
| } else { |
| m_layerTreeView->clearRootLayer(); |
| } |
| } |
| } |
| |
| void WebPagePopupImpl::setIsAcceleratedCompositingActive(bool enter) |
| { |
| if (m_isAcceleratedCompositingActive == enter) |
| return; |
| |
| if (!enter) { |
| m_isAcceleratedCompositingActive = false; |
| } else if (m_layerTreeView) { |
| m_isAcceleratedCompositingActive = true; |
| } else { |
| TRACE_EVENT0("blink", "WebPagePopupImpl::setIsAcceleratedCompositingActive(true)"); |
| |
| m_widgetClient->initializeLayerTreeView(); |
| m_layerTreeView = m_widgetClient->layerTreeView(); |
| if (m_layerTreeView) { |
| m_layerTreeView->setVisible(true); |
| m_isAcceleratedCompositingActive = true; |
| m_page->layerTreeViewInitialized(*m_layerTreeView); |
| } else { |
| m_isAcceleratedCompositingActive = false; |
| } |
| } |
| } |
| |
| void WebPagePopupImpl::beginFrame(double lastFrameTimeMonotonic) |
| { |
| if (!m_page) |
| return; |
| // FIXME: This should use lastFrameTimeMonotonic but doing so |
| // breaks tests. |
| PageWidgetDelegate::animate(*m_page, monotonicallyIncreasingTime()); |
| } |
| |
| void WebPagePopupImpl::willCloseLayerTreeView() |
| { |
| if (m_page && m_layerTreeView) |
| m_page->willCloseLayerTreeView(*m_layerTreeView); |
| |
| setIsAcceleratedCompositingActive(false); |
| m_layerTreeView = 0; |
| } |
| |
| void WebPagePopupImpl::updateAllLifecyclePhases() |
| { |
| if (!m_page) |
| return; |
| PageWidgetDelegate::updateAllLifecyclePhases(*m_page, *m_page->deprecatedLocalMainFrame()); |
| } |
| |
| void WebPagePopupImpl::paint(WebCanvas* canvas, const WebRect& rect) |
| { |
| if (!m_closing) |
| PageWidgetDelegate::paint(*m_page, canvas, rect, *m_page->deprecatedLocalMainFrame()); |
| } |
| |
| void WebPagePopupImpl::resize(const WebSize& newSizeInViewport) |
| { |
| WebRect newSize(0, 0, newSizeInViewport.width, newSizeInViewport.height); |
| widgetClient()->convertViewportToWindow(&newSize); |
| |
| WebRect windowRect = windowRectInScreen(); |
| |
| if (windowRect.width != newSize.width |
| && windowRect.height != newSize.height) { |
| windowRect.width = newSize.width; |
| windowRect.height = newSize.height; |
| setWindowRect(windowRect); |
| } |
| |
| if (m_page) { |
| toLocalFrame(m_page->mainFrame())->view()->resize(newSizeInViewport); |
| m_page->frameHost().visualViewport().setSize(newSizeInViewport); |
| } |
| |
| m_widgetClient->didInvalidateRect(WebRect(0, 0, newSize.width, newSize.height)); |
| } |
| |
| WebInputEventResult WebPagePopupImpl::handleKeyEvent(const WebKeyboardEvent& event) |
| { |
| return handleKeyEvent(PlatformKeyboardEventBuilder(event)); |
| } |
| |
| WebInputEventResult WebPagePopupImpl::handleCharEvent(const WebKeyboardEvent& event) |
| { |
| return handleKeyEvent(PlatformKeyboardEventBuilder(event)); |
| } |
| |
| WebInputEventResult WebPagePopupImpl::handleGestureEvent(const WebGestureEvent& event) |
| { |
| if (m_closing || !m_page || !m_page->mainFrame() || !toLocalFrame(m_page->mainFrame())->view()) |
| return WebInputEventResult::NotHandled; |
| if (event.type == WebInputEvent::GestureTap && !isViewportPointInWindow(event.x, event.y)) { |
| cancel(); |
| return WebInputEventResult::NotHandled; |
| } |
| LocalFrame& frame = *toLocalFrame(m_page->mainFrame()); |
| return frame.eventHandler().handleGestureEvent(PlatformGestureEventBuilder(frame.view(), event)); |
| } |
| |
| void WebPagePopupImpl::handleMouseDown(LocalFrame& mainFrame, const WebMouseEvent& event) |
| { |
| if (isViewportPointInWindow(event.x, event.y)) |
| PageWidgetEventHandler::handleMouseDown(mainFrame, event); |
| else |
| cancel(); |
| } |
| |
| WebInputEventResult WebPagePopupImpl::handleMouseWheel(LocalFrame& mainFrame, const WebMouseWheelEvent& event) |
| { |
| if (isViewportPointInWindow(event.x, event.y)) |
| return PageWidgetEventHandler::handleMouseWheel(mainFrame, event); |
| cancel(); |
| return WebInputEventResult::NotHandled; |
| } |
| |
| bool WebPagePopupImpl::isViewportPointInWindow(int x, int y) |
| { |
| WebRect pointInWindow(x, y, 0, 0); |
| widgetClient()->convertViewportToWindow(&pointInWindow); |
| WebRect windowRect = windowRectInScreen(); |
| return IntRect(0, 0, windowRect.width, windowRect.height).contains(IntPoint(pointInWindow.x, pointInWindow.y)); |
| } |
| |
| WebInputEventResult WebPagePopupImpl::handleInputEvent(const WebInputEvent& event) |
| { |
| if (m_closing) |
| return WebInputEventResult::NotHandled; |
| return PageWidgetDelegate::handleInputEvent(*this, event, m_page->deprecatedLocalMainFrame()); |
| } |
| |
| WebInputEventResult WebPagePopupImpl::handleKeyEvent(const PlatformKeyboardEvent& event) |
| { |
| if (m_closing || !m_page->mainFrame() || !toLocalFrame(m_page->mainFrame())->view()) |
| return WebInputEventResult::NotHandled; |
| return toLocalFrame(m_page->mainFrame())->eventHandler().keyEvent(event); |
| } |
| |
| void WebPagePopupImpl::setFocus(bool enable) |
| { |
| if (!m_page) |
| return; |
| m_page->focusController().setFocused(enable); |
| if (enable) |
| m_page->focusController().setActive(true); |
| } |
| |
| void WebPagePopupImpl::close() |
| { |
| m_closing = true; |
| // In case closePopup() was not called. |
| if (m_page) |
| cancel(); |
| m_widgetClient = nullptr; |
| deref(); |
| } |
| |
| void WebPagePopupImpl::closePopup() |
| { |
| // This function can be called in EventDispatchForbiddenScope for the main |
| // document, and the following operations dispatch some events. It's safe |
| // because web authors can't listen the events. |
| EventDispatchForbiddenScope::AllowUserAgentEvents allowEvents; |
| |
| if (m_page) { |
| toLocalFrame(m_page->mainFrame())->loader().stopAllLoaders(); |
| PagePopupSupplement::uninstall(*toLocalFrame(m_page->mainFrame())); |
| } |
| bool closeAlreadyCalled = m_closing; |
| m_closing = true; |
| |
| destroyPage(); |
| |
| // m_widgetClient might be 0 because this widget might be already closed. |
| if (m_widgetClient && !closeAlreadyCalled) { |
| // closeWidgetSoon() will call this->close() later. |
| m_widgetClient->closeWidgetSoon(); |
| } |
| |
| m_popupClient->didClosePopup(); |
| m_webView->cleanupPagePopup(); |
| } |
| |
| LocalDOMWindow* WebPagePopupImpl::window() |
| { |
| return m_page->deprecatedLocalMainFrame()->localDOMWindow(); |
| } |
| |
| void WebPagePopupImpl::layoutAndPaintAsync(WebLayoutAndPaintAsyncCallback* callback) |
| { |
| m_layerTreeView->layoutAndPaintAsync(callback); |
| } |
| |
| void WebPagePopupImpl::compositeAndReadbackAsync(WebCompositeAndReadbackAsyncCallback* callback) |
| { |
| DCHECK(isAcceleratedCompositingActive()); |
| m_layerTreeView->compositeAndReadbackAsync(callback); |
| } |
| |
| WebPoint WebPagePopupImpl::positionRelativeToOwner() |
| { |
| WebRect rootWindowRect = m_webView->client()->rootWindowRect(); |
| WebRect windowRect = windowRectInScreen(); |
| return WebPoint(windowRect.x - rootWindowRect.x, windowRect.y - rootWindowRect.y); |
| } |
| |
| void WebPagePopupImpl::cancel() |
| { |
| if (m_popupClient) |
| m_popupClient->closePopup(); |
| } |
| |
| WebRect WebPagePopupImpl::windowRectInScreen() const |
| { |
| return widgetClient()->windowRect(); |
| } |
| |
| // WebPagePopup ---------------------------------------------------------------- |
| |
| WebPagePopup* WebPagePopup::create(WebWidgetClient* client) |
| { |
| if (!client) |
| CRASH(); |
| // A WebPagePopupImpl instance usually has two references. |
| // - One owned by the instance itself. It represents the visible widget. |
| // - One owned by a WebViewImpl. It's released when the WebViewImpl ask the |
| // WebPagePopupImpl to close. |
| // We need them because the closing operation is asynchronous and the widget |
| // can be closed while the WebViewImpl is unaware of it. |
| return adoptRef(new WebPagePopupImpl(client)).leakRef(); |
| } |
| |
| } // namespace blink |