Objects/moduleobject.c

/* Module object implementation */

#include "Python.h"
#include "pycore_call.h"          // _PyObject_CallNoArgs()
#include "pycore_dict.h"          // _PyDict_EnablePerThreadRefcounting()
#include "pycore_fileutils.h"     // _Py_wgetcwd
#include "pycore_interp.h"        // PyInterpreterState.importlib
#include "pycore_long.h"          // _PyLong_GetOne()
#include "pycore_modsupport.h"    // _PyModule_CreateInitialized()
#include "pycore_moduleobject.h"  // _PyModule_GetDef()
#include "pycore_object.h"        // _PyType_AllocNoTrack
#include "pycore_pyerrors.h"      // _PyErr_FormatFromCause()
#include "pycore_pystate.h"       // _PyInterpreterState_GET()

#include "osdefs.h"               // MAXPATHLEN


#define _PyModule_CAST(op) \
    (assert(PyModule_Check(op)), _Py_CAST(PyModuleObject*, (op)))


static PyMemberDef module_members[] = {
    {"__dict__", _Py_T_OBJECT, offsetof(PyModuleObject, md_dict), Py_READONLY},
    {0}
};


PyTypeObject PyModuleDef_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
    "moduledef",                                /* tp_name */
    sizeof(PyModuleDef),                        /* tp_basicsize */
    0,                                          /* tp_itemsize */
};


int
_PyModule_IsExtension(PyObject *obj)
{
    if (!PyModule_Check(obj)) {
        return 0;
    }
    PyModuleObject *module = (PyModuleObject*)obj;

    PyModuleDef *def = module->md_def;
    return (def != NULL && def->m_methods != NULL);
}


PyObject*
PyModuleDef_Init(PyModuleDef* def)
{
    assert(PyModuleDef_Type.tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_READY);
    if (def->m_base.m_index == 0) {
        Py_SET_REFCNT(def, 1);
        Py_SET_TYPE(def, &PyModuleDef_Type);
        def->m_base.m_index = _PyImport_GetNextModuleIndex();
    }
    return (PyObject*)def;
}

static int
module_init_dict(PyModuleObject *mod, PyObject *md_dict,
                 PyObject *name, PyObject *doc)
{
    assert(md_dict != NULL);
    if (doc == NULL)
        doc = Py_None;

    if (PyDict_SetItem(md_dict, &_Py_ID(__name__), name) != 0)
        return -1;
    if (PyDict_SetItem(md_dict, &_Py_ID(__doc__), doc) != 0)
        return -1;
    if (PyDict_SetItem(md_dict, &_Py_ID(__package__), Py_None) != 0)
        return -1;
    if (PyDict_SetItem(md_dict, &_Py_ID(__loader__), Py_None) != 0)
        return -1;
    if (PyDict_SetItem(md_dict, &_Py_ID(__spec__), Py_None) != 0)
        return -1;
    if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(name)) {
        Py_XSETREF(mod->md_name, Py_NewRef(name));
    }

    return 0;
}

static PyModuleObject *
new_module_notrack(PyTypeObject *mt)
{
    PyModuleObject *m;
    m = (PyModuleObject *)_PyType_AllocNoTrack(mt, 0);
    if (m == NULL)
        return NULL;
    m->md_def = NULL;
    m->md_state = NULL;
    m->md_weaklist = NULL;
    m->md_name = NULL;
    m->md_dict = PyDict_New();
    if (m->md_dict == NULL) {
        Py_DECREF(m);
        return NULL;
    }
    return m;
}

static void
track_module(PyModuleObject *m)
{
    _PyDict_EnablePerThreadRefcounting(m->md_dict);
    PyObject_GC_Track(m->md_dict);

    _PyObject_SetDeferredRefcount((PyObject *)m);
    PyObject_GC_Track(m);
}

static PyObject *
new_module(PyTypeObject *mt, PyObject *args, PyObject *kws)
{
    PyModuleObject *m = new_module_notrack(mt);
    if (m != NULL) {
        track_module(m);
    }
    return (PyObject *)m;
}

PyObject *
PyModule_NewObject(PyObject *name)
{
    PyModuleObject *m = new_module_notrack(&PyModule_Type);
    if (m == NULL)
        return NULL;
    if (module_init_dict(m, m->md_dict, name, NULL) != 0)
        goto fail;
    track_module(m);
    return (PyObject *)m;

 fail:
    Py_DECREF(m);
    return NULL;
}

PyObject *
PyModule_New(const char *name)
{
    PyObject *nameobj, *module;
    nameobj = PyUnicode_FromString(name);
    if (nameobj == NULL)
        return NULL;
    module = PyModule_NewObject(nameobj);
    Py_DECREF(nameobj);
    return module;
}

/* Check API/ABI version
 * Issues a warning on mismatch, which is usually not fatal.
 * Returns 0 if an exception is raised.
 */
static int
check_api_version(const char *name, int module_api_version)
{
    if (module_api_version != PYTHON_API_VERSION && module_api_version != PYTHON_ABI_VERSION) {
        int err;
        err = PyErr_WarnFormat(PyExc_RuntimeWarning, 1,
            "Python C API version mismatch for module %.100s: "
            "This Python has API version %d, module %.100s has version %d.",
             name,
             PYTHON_API_VERSION, name, module_api_version);
        if (err)
            return 0;
    }
    return 1;
}

static int
_add_methods_to_object(PyObject *module, PyObject *name, PyMethodDef *functions)
{
    PyObject *func;
    PyMethodDef *fdef;

    for (fdef = functions; fdef->ml_name != NULL; fdef++) {
        if ((fdef->ml_flags & METH_CLASS) ||
            (fdef->ml_flags & METH_STATIC)) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
                            "module functions cannot set"
                            " METH_CLASS or METH_STATIC");
            return -1;
        }
        func = PyCFunction_NewEx(fdef, (PyObject*)module, name);
        if (func == NULL) {
            return -1;
        }
        _PyObject_SetDeferredRefcount(func);
        if (PyObject_SetAttrString(module, fdef->ml_name, func) != 0) {
            Py_DECREF(func);
            return -1;
        }
        Py_DECREF(func);
    }

    return 0;
}

PyObject *
PyModule_Create2(PyModuleDef* module, int module_api_version)
{
    if (!_PyImport_IsInitialized(_PyInterpreterState_GET())) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                        "Python import machinery not initialized");
        return NULL;
    }
    return _PyModule_CreateInitialized(module, module_api_version);
}

PyObject *
_PyModule_CreateInitialized(PyModuleDef* module, int module_api_version)
{
    const char* name;
    PyModuleObject *m;

    if (!PyModuleDef_Init(module))
        return NULL;
    name = module->m_name;
    if (!check_api_version(name, module_api_version)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (module->m_slots) {
        PyErr_Format(
            PyExc_SystemError,
            "module %s: PyModule_Create is incompatible with m_slots", name);
        return NULL;
    }
    name = _PyImport_ResolveNameWithPackageContext(name);

    m = (PyModuleObject*)PyModule_New(name);
    if (m == NULL)
        return NULL;

    if (module->m_size > 0) {
        m->md_state = PyMem_Malloc(module->m_size);
        if (!m->md_state) {
            PyErr_NoMemory();
            Py_DECREF(m);
            return NULL;
        }
        memset(m->md_state, 0, module->m_size);
    }

    if (module->m_methods != NULL) {
        if (PyModule_AddFunctions((PyObject *) m, module->m_methods) != 0) {
            Py_DECREF(m);
            return NULL;
        }
    }
    if (module->m_doc != NULL) {
        if (PyModule_SetDocString((PyObject *) m, module->m_doc) != 0) {
            Py_DECREF(m);
            return NULL;
        }
    }
    m->md_def = module;
#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
    m->md_gil = Py_MOD_GIL_USED;
#endif
    return (PyObject*)m;
}

PyObject *
PyModule_FromDefAndSpec2(PyModuleDef* def, PyObject *spec, int module_api_version)
{
    PyModuleDef_Slot* cur_slot;
    PyObject *(*create)(PyObject *, PyModuleDef*) = NULL;
    PyObject *nameobj;
    PyObject *m = NULL;
    int has_multiple_interpreters_slot = 0;
    void *multiple_interpreters = (void *)0;
    int has_gil_slot = 0;
    void *gil_slot = Py_MOD_GIL_USED;
    int has_execution_slots = 0;
    const char *name;
    int ret;
    PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();

    PyModuleDef_Init(def);

    nameobj = PyObject_GetAttrString(spec, "name");
    if (nameobj == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    name = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(nameobj);
    if (name == NULL) {
        goto error;
    }

    if (!check_api_version(name, module_api_version)) {
        goto error;
    }

    if (def->m_size < 0) {
        PyErr_Format(
            PyExc_SystemError,
            "module %s: m_size may not be negative for multi-phase initialization",
            name);
        goto error;
    }

    for (cur_slot = def->m_slots; cur_slot && cur_slot->slot; cur_slot++) {
        switch (cur_slot->slot) {
            case Py_mod_create:
                if (create) {
                    PyErr_Format(
                        PyExc_SystemError,
                        "module %s has multiple create slots",
                        name);
                    goto error;
                }
                create = cur_slot->value;
                break;
            case Py_mod_exec:
                has_execution_slots = 1;
                break;
            case Py_mod_multiple_interpreters:
                if (has_multiple_interpreters_slot) {
                    PyErr_Format(
                        PyExc_SystemError,
                        "module %s has more than one 'multiple interpreters' slots",
                        name);
                    goto error;
                }
                multiple_interpreters = cur_slot->value;
                has_multiple_interpreters_slot = 1;
                break;
            case Py_mod_gil:
                if (has_gil_slot) {
                    PyErr_Format(
                       PyExc_SystemError,
                       "module %s has more than one 'gil' slot",
                       name);
                    goto error;
                }
                gil_slot = cur_slot->value;
                has_gil_slot = 1;
                break;
            default:
                assert(cur_slot->slot < 0 || cur_slot->slot > _Py_mod_LAST_SLOT);
                PyErr_Format(
                    PyExc_SystemError,
                    "module %s uses unknown slot ID %i",
                    name, cur_slot->slot);
                goto error;
        }
    }

    /* By default, multi-phase init modules are expected
       to work under multiple interpreters. */
    if (!has_multiple_interpreters_slot) {
        multiple_interpreters = Py_MOD_MULTIPLE_INTERPRETERS_SUPPORTED;
    }
    if (multiple_interpreters == Py_MOD_MULTIPLE_INTERPRETERS_NOT_SUPPORTED) {
        if (!_Py_IsMainInterpreter(interp)
            && _PyImport_CheckSubinterpIncompatibleExtensionAllowed(name) < 0)
        {
            goto error;
        }
    }
    else if (multiple_interpreters != Py_MOD_PER_INTERPRETER_GIL_SUPPORTED
             && interp->ceval.own_gil
             && !_Py_IsMainInterpreter(interp)
             && _PyImport_CheckSubinterpIncompatibleExtensionAllowed(name) < 0)
    {
        goto error;
    }

    if (create) {
        m = create(spec, def);
        if (m == NULL) {
            if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
                PyErr_Format(
                    PyExc_SystemError,
                    "creation of module %s failed without setting an exception",
                    name);
            }
            goto error;
        } else {
            if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
                _PyErr_FormatFromCause(
                    PyExc_SystemError,
                    "creation of module %s raised unreported exception",
                    name);
                goto error;
            }
        }
    } else {
        m = PyModule_NewObject(nameobj);
        if (m == NULL) {
            goto error;
        }
    }

    if (PyModule_Check(m)) {
        ((PyModuleObject*)m)->md_state = NULL;
        ((PyModuleObject*)m)->md_def = def;
#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
        ((PyModuleObject*)m)->md_gil = gil_slot;
#else
        (void)gil_slot;
#endif
    } else {
        if (def->m_size > 0 || def->m_traverse || def->m_clear || def->m_free) {
            PyErr_Format(
                PyExc_SystemError,
                "module %s is not a module object, but requests module state",
                name);
            goto error;
        }
        if (has_execution_slots) {
            PyErr_Format(
                PyExc_SystemError,
                "module %s specifies execution slots, but did not create "
                    "a ModuleType instance",
                name);
            goto error;
        }
    }

    if (def->m_methods != NULL) {
        ret = _add_methods_to_object(m, nameobj, def->m_methods);
        if (ret != 0) {
            goto error;
        }
    }

    if (def->m_doc != NULL) {
        ret = PyModule_SetDocString(m, def->m_doc);
        if (ret != 0) {
            goto error;
        }
    }

    Py_DECREF(nameobj);
    return m;

error:
    Py_DECREF(nameobj);
    Py_XDECREF(m);
    return NULL;
}

#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
int
PyUnstable_Module_SetGIL(PyObject *module, void *gil)
{
    if (!PyModule_Check(module)) {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return -1;
    }
    ((PyModuleObject *)module)->md_gil = gil;
    return 0;
}
#endif

int
PyModule_ExecDef(PyObject *module, PyModuleDef *def)
{
    PyModuleDef_Slot *cur_slot;
    const char *name;
    int ret;

    name = PyModule_GetName(module);
    if (name == NULL) {
        return -1;
    }

    if (def->m_size >= 0) {
        PyModuleObject *md = (PyModuleObject*)module;
        if (md->md_state == NULL) {
            /* Always set a state pointer; this serves as a marker to skip
             * multiple initialization (importlib.reload() is no-op) */
            md->md_state = PyMem_Malloc(def->m_size);
            if (!md->md_state) {
                PyErr_NoMemory();
                return -1;
            }
            memset(md->md_state, 0, def->m_size);
        }
    }

    if (def->m_slots == NULL) {
        return 0;
    }

    for (cur_slot = def->m_slots; cur_slot && cur_slot->slot; cur_slot++) {
        switch (cur_slot->slot) {
            case Py_mod_create:
                /* handled in PyModule_FromDefAndSpec2 */
                break;
            case Py_mod_exec:
                ret = ((int (*)(PyObject *))cur_slot->value)(module);
                if (ret != 0) {
                    if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
                        PyErr_Format(
                            PyExc_SystemError,
                            "execution of module %s failed without setting an exception",
                            name);
                    }
                    return -1;
                }
                if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
                    _PyErr_FormatFromCause(
                        PyExc_SystemError,
                        "execution of module %s raised unreported exception",
                        name);
                    return -1;
                }
                break;
            case Py_mod_multiple_interpreters:
            case Py_mod_gil:
                /* handled in PyModule_FromDefAndSpec2 */
                break;
            default:
                PyErr_Format(
                    PyExc_SystemError,
                    "module %s initialized with unknown slot %i",
                    name, cur_slot->slot);
                return -1;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

int
PyModule_AddFunctions(PyObject *m, PyMethodDef *functions)
{
    int res;
    PyObject *name = PyModule_GetNameObject(m);
    if (name == NULL) {
        return -1;
    }

    res = _add_methods_to_object(m, name, functions);
    Py_DECREF(name);
    return res;
}

int
PyModule_SetDocString(PyObject *m, const char *doc)
{
    PyObject *v;

    v = PyUnicode_FromString(doc);
    if (v == NULL || PyObject_SetAttr(m, &_Py_ID(__doc__), v) != 0) {
        Py_XDECREF(v);
        return -1;
    }
    Py_DECREF(v);
    return 0;
}

PyObject *
PyModule_GetDict(PyObject *m)
{
    if (!PyModule_Check(m)) {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return NULL;
    }
    return _PyModule_GetDict(m);  // borrowed reference
}

PyObject*
PyModule_GetNameObject(PyObject *mod)
{
    if (!PyModule_Check(mod)) {
        PyErr_BadArgument();
        return NULL;
    }
    PyObject *dict = ((PyModuleObject *)mod)->md_dict;  // borrowed reference
    if (dict == NULL || !PyDict_Check(dict)) {
        goto error;
    }
    PyObject *name;
    if (PyDict_GetItemRef(dict, &_Py_ID(__name__), &name) <= 0) {
        // error or not found
        goto error;
    }
    if (!PyUnicode_Check(name)) {
        Py_DECREF(name);
        goto error;
    }
    return name;

error:
    if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "nameless module");
    }
    return NULL;
}

const char *
PyModule_GetName(PyObject *m)
{
    PyObject *name = PyModule_GetNameObject(m);
    if (name == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    assert(Py_REFCNT(name) >= 2);
    Py_DECREF(name);   /* module dict has still a reference */
    return PyUnicode_AsUTF8(name);
}

PyObject*
PyModule_GetFilenameObject(PyObject *mod)
{
    if (!PyModule_Check(mod)) {
        PyErr_BadArgument();
        return NULL;
    }
    PyObject *dict = ((PyModuleObject *)mod)->md_dict;  // borrowed reference
    if (dict == NULL) {
        goto error;
    }
    PyObject *fileobj;
    if (PyDict_GetItemRef(dict, &_Py_ID(__file__), &fileobj) <= 0) {
        // error or not found
        goto error;
    }
    if (!PyUnicode_Check(fileobj)) {
        Py_DECREF(fileobj);
        goto error;
    }
    return fileobj;

error:
    if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "module filename missing");
    }
    return NULL;
}

const char *
PyModule_GetFilename(PyObject *m)
{
    PyObject *fileobj;
    const char *utf8;
    fileobj = PyModule_GetFilenameObject(m);
    if (fileobj == NULL)
        return NULL;
    utf8 = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(fileobj);
    Py_DECREF(fileobj);   /* module dict has still a reference */
    return utf8;
}

PyModuleDef*
PyModule_GetDef(PyObject* m)
{
    if (!PyModule_Check(m)) {
        PyErr_BadArgument();
        return NULL;
    }
    return _PyModule_GetDef(m);
}

void*
PyModule_GetState(PyObject* m)
{
    if (!PyModule_Check(m)) {
        PyErr_BadArgument();
        return NULL;
    }
    return _PyModule_GetState(m);
}

void
_PyModule_Clear(PyObject *m)
{
    PyObject *d = ((PyModuleObject *)m)->md_dict;
    if (d != NULL)
        _PyModule_ClearDict(d);
}

void
_PyModule_ClearDict(PyObject *d)
{
    /* To make the execution order of destructors for global
       objects a bit more predictable, we first zap all objects
       whose name starts with a single underscore, before we clear
       the entire dictionary.  We zap them by replacing them with
       None, rather than deleting them from the dictionary, to
       avoid rehashing the dictionary (to some extent). */

    Py_ssize_t pos;
    PyObject *key, *value;

    int verbose = _Py_GetConfig()->verbose;

    /* First, clear only names starting with a single underscore */
    pos = 0;
    while (PyDict_Next(d, &pos, &key, &value)) {
        if (value != Py_None && PyUnicode_Check(key)) {
            if (PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(key, 0) == '_' &&
                PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(key, 1) != '_') {
                if (verbose > 1) {
                    const char *s = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(key);
                    if (s != NULL)
                        PySys_WriteStderr("#   clear[1] %s\n", s);
                    else
                        PyErr_Clear();
                }
                if (PyDict_SetItem(d, key, Py_None) != 0) {
                    PyErr_FormatUnraisable("Exception ignored on clearing module dict");
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /* Next, clear all names except for __builtins__ */
    pos = 0;
    while (PyDict_Next(d, &pos, &key, &value)) {
        if (value != Py_None && PyUnicode_Check(key)) {
            if (PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(key, 0) != '_' ||
                !_PyUnicode_EqualToASCIIString(key, "__builtins__"))
            {
                if (verbose > 1) {
                    const char *s = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(key);
                    if (s != NULL)
                        PySys_WriteStderr("#   clear[2] %s\n", s);
                    else
                        PyErr_Clear();
                }
                if (PyDict_SetItem(d, key, Py_None) != 0) {
                    PyErr_FormatUnraisable("Exception ignored on clearing module dict");
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /* Note: we leave __builtins__ in place, so that destructors
       of non-global objects defined in this module can still use
       builtins, in particularly 'None'. */

}

/*[clinic input]
class module "PyModuleObject *" "&PyModule_Type"
[clinic start generated code]*/
/*[clinic end generated code: output=da39a3ee5e6b4b0d input=3e35d4f708ecb6af]*/

#include "clinic/moduleobject.c.h"

/* Methods */

/*[clinic input]
module.__init__
    name: unicode
    doc: object = None

Create a module object.

The name must be a string; the optional doc argument can have any type.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static int
module___init___impl(PyModuleObject *self, PyObject *name, PyObject *doc)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=e7e721c26ce7aad7 input=57f9e177401e5e1e]*/
{
    return module_init_dict(self, self->md_dict, name, doc);
}

static void
module_dealloc(PyObject *self)
{
    PyModuleObject *m = _PyModule_CAST(self);

    PyObject_GC_UnTrack(m);

    int verbose = _Py_GetConfig()->verbose;
    if (verbose && m->md_name) {
        PySys_FormatStderr("# destroy %U\n", m->md_name);
    }
    if (m->md_weaklist != NULL)
        PyObject_ClearWeakRefs((PyObject *) m);

    /* bpo-39824: Don't call m_free() if m_size > 0 and md_state=NULL */
    if (m->md_def && m->md_def->m_free
        && (m->md_def->m_size <= 0 || m->md_state != NULL))
    {
        m->md_def->m_free(m);
    }

    Py_XDECREF(m->md_dict);
    Py_XDECREF(m->md_name);
    if (m->md_state != NULL)
        PyMem_Free(m->md_state);
    Py_TYPE(m)->tp_free((PyObject *)m);
}

static PyObject *
module_repr(PyObject *self)
{
    PyModuleObject *m = _PyModule_CAST(self);
    PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();
    return _PyImport_ImportlibModuleRepr(interp, (PyObject *)m);
}

/* Check if the "_initializing" attribute of the module spec is set to true.
 */
int
_PyModuleSpec_IsInitializing(PyObject *spec)
{
    if (spec == NULL) {
        return 0;
    }
    PyObject *value;
    int rc = PyObject_GetOptionalAttr(spec, &_Py_ID(_initializing), &value);
    if (rc > 0) {
        rc = PyObject_IsTrue(value);
        Py_DECREF(value);
    }
    return rc;
}

/* Check if the submodule name is in the "_uninitialized_submodules" attribute
   of the module spec.
 */
int
_PyModuleSpec_IsUninitializedSubmodule(PyObject *spec, PyObject *name)
{
    if (spec == NULL) {
         return 0;
    }

    PyObject *value;
    int rc = PyObject_GetOptionalAttr(spec, &_Py_ID(_uninitialized_submodules), &value);
    if (rc > 0) {
        rc = PySequence_Contains(value, name);
        Py_DECREF(value);
    }
    return rc;
}

int
_PyModuleSpec_GetFileOrigin(PyObject *spec, PyObject **p_origin)
{
    PyObject *has_location = NULL;
    int rc = PyObject_GetOptionalAttr(spec, &_Py_ID(has_location), &has_location);
    if (rc <= 0) {
        return rc;
    }
    // If origin is not a location, or doesn't exist, or is not a str, we could consider falling
    // back to module.__file__. But the cases in which module.__file__ is not __spec__.origin
    // are cases in which we probably shouldn't be guessing.
    rc = PyObject_IsTrue(has_location);
    Py_DECREF(has_location);
    if (rc <= 0) {
        return rc;
    }
    // has_location is true, so origin is a location
    PyObject *origin = NULL;
    rc = PyObject_GetOptionalAttr(spec, &_Py_ID(origin), &origin);
    if (rc <= 0) {
        return rc;
    }
    assert(origin != NULL);
    if (!PyUnicode_Check(origin)) {
        Py_DECREF(origin);
        return 0;
    }
    *p_origin = origin;
    return 1;
}

int
_PyModule_IsPossiblyShadowing(PyObject *origin)
{
    // origin must be a unicode subtype
    // Returns 1 if the module at origin could be shadowing a module of the
    // same name later in the module search path. The condition we check is basically:
    // root = os.path.dirname(origin.removesuffix(os.sep + "__init__.py"))
    // return not sys.flags.safe_path and root == (sys.path[0] or os.getcwd())
    // Returns 0 otherwise (or if we aren't sure)
    // Returns -1 if an error occurred that should be propagated
    if (origin == NULL) {
        return 0;
    }

    // not sys.flags.safe_path
    const PyConfig *config = _Py_GetConfig();
    if (config->safe_path) {
        return 0;
    }

    // root = os.path.dirname(origin.removesuffix(os.sep + "__init__.py"))
    wchar_t root[MAXPATHLEN + 1];
    Py_ssize_t size = PyUnicode_AsWideChar(origin, root, MAXPATHLEN);
    if (size < 0) {
        return -1;
    }
    assert(size <= MAXPATHLEN);
    root[size] = L'\0';

    wchar_t *sep = wcsrchr(root, SEP);
    if (sep == NULL) {
        return 0;
    }
    // If it's a package then we need to look one directory further up
    if (wcscmp(sep + 1, L"__init__.py") == 0) {
        *sep = L'\0';
        sep = wcsrchr(root, SEP);
        if (sep == NULL) {
            return 0;
        }
    }
    *sep = L'\0';

    // sys.path[0] or os.getcwd()
    wchar_t *sys_path_0 = config->sys_path_0;
    if (!sys_path_0) {
        return 0;
    }

    wchar_t sys_path_0_buf[MAXPATHLEN];
    if (sys_path_0[0] == L'\0') {
        // if sys.path[0] == "", treat it as if it were the current directory
        if (!_Py_wgetcwd(sys_path_0_buf, MAXPATHLEN)) {
            return -1;
        }
        sys_path_0 = sys_path_0_buf;
    }

    int result = wcscmp(sys_path_0, root) == 0;
    return result;
}

PyObject*
_Py_module_getattro_impl(PyModuleObject *m, PyObject *name, int suppress)
{
    // When suppress=1, this function suppresses AttributeError.
    PyObject *attr, *mod_name, *getattr;
    attr = _PyObject_GenericGetAttrWithDict((PyObject *)m, name, NULL, suppress);
    if (attr) {
        return attr;
    }
    if (suppress == 1) {
        if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
            // pass up non-AttributeError exception
            return NULL;
        }
    }
    else {
        if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError)) {
            // pass up non-AttributeError exception
            return NULL;
        }
        PyErr_Clear();
    }
    assert(m->md_dict != NULL);
    if (PyDict_GetItemRef(m->md_dict, &_Py_ID(__getattr__), &getattr) < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (getattr) {
        PyObject *result = PyObject_CallOneArg(getattr, name);
        if (result == NULL && suppress == 1 && PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError)) {
            // suppress AttributeError
            PyErr_Clear();
        }
        Py_DECREF(getattr);
        return result;
    }

    // The attribute was not found.  We make a best effort attempt at a useful error message,
    // but only if we're not suppressing AttributeError.
    if (suppress == 1) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (PyDict_GetItemRef(m->md_dict, &_Py_ID(__name__), &mod_name) < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (!mod_name || !PyUnicode_Check(mod_name)) {
        Py_XDECREF(mod_name);
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_AttributeError,
                    "module has no attribute '%U'", name);
        return NULL;
    }
    PyObject *spec;
    if (PyDict_GetItemRef(m->md_dict, &_Py_ID(__spec__), &spec) < 0) {
        Py_DECREF(mod_name);
        return NULL;
    }
    if (spec == NULL) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_AttributeError,
                     "module '%U' has no attribute '%U'",
                     mod_name, name);
        Py_DECREF(mod_name);
        return NULL;
    }

    PyObject *origin = NULL;
    if (_PyModuleSpec_GetFileOrigin(spec, &origin) < 0) {
        goto done;
    }

    int is_possibly_shadowing = _PyModule_IsPossiblyShadowing(origin);
    if (is_possibly_shadowing < 0) {
        goto done;
    }
    int is_possibly_shadowing_stdlib = 0;
    if (is_possibly_shadowing) {
        PyObject *stdlib_modules = PySys_GetObject("stdlib_module_names");
        if (stdlib_modules && PyAnySet_Check(stdlib_modules)) {
            is_possibly_shadowing_stdlib = PySet_Contains(stdlib_modules, mod_name);
            if (is_possibly_shadowing_stdlib < 0) {
                goto done;
            }
        }
    }

    if (is_possibly_shadowing_stdlib) {
        assert(origin);
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_AttributeError,
                    "module '%U' has no attribute '%U' "
                    "(consider renaming '%U' since it has the same "
                    "name as the standard library module named '%U' "
                    "and prevents importing that standard library module)",
                    mod_name, name, origin, mod_name);
    }
    else {
        int rc = _PyModuleSpec_IsInitializing(spec);
        if (rc < 0) {
            goto done;
        }
        else if (rc > 0) {
            if (is_possibly_shadowing) {
                assert(origin);
                // For non-stdlib modules, only mention the possibility of
                // shadowing if the module is being initialized.
                PyErr_Format(PyExc_AttributeError,
                            "module '%U' has no attribute '%U' "
                            "(consider renaming '%U' if it has the same name "
                            "as a library you intended to import)",
                            mod_name, name, origin);
            }
            else if (origin) {
                PyErr_Format(PyExc_AttributeError,
                            "partially initialized "
                            "module '%U' from '%U' has no attribute '%U' "
                            "(most likely due to a circular import)",
                            mod_name, origin, name);
            }
            else {
                PyErr_Format(PyExc_AttributeError,
                            "partially initialized "
                            "module '%U' has no attribute '%U' "
                            "(most likely due to a circular import)",
                            mod_name, name);
            }
        }
        else {
            assert(rc == 0);
            rc = _PyModuleSpec_IsUninitializedSubmodule(spec, name);
            if (rc > 0) {
                PyErr_Format(PyExc_AttributeError,
                            "cannot access submodule '%U' of module '%U' "
                            "(most likely due to a circular import)",
                            name, mod_name);
            }
            else if (rc == 0) {
                PyErr_Format(PyExc_AttributeError,
                            "module '%U' has no attribute '%U'",
                            mod_name, name);
            }
        }
    }

done:
    Py_XDECREF(origin);
    Py_DECREF(spec);
    Py_DECREF(mod_name);
    return NULL;
}


PyObject*
_Py_module_getattro(PyObject *self, PyObject *name)
{
    PyModuleObject *m = _PyModule_CAST(self);
    return _Py_module_getattro_impl(m, name, 0);
}

static int
module_traverse(PyObject *self, visitproc visit, void *arg)
{
    PyModuleObject *m = _PyModule_CAST(self);

    /* bpo-39824: Don't call m_traverse() if m_size > 0 and md_state=NULL */
    if (m->md_def && m->md_def->m_traverse
        && (m->md_def->m_size <= 0 || m->md_state != NULL))
    {
        int res = m->md_def->m_traverse((PyObject*)m, visit, arg);
        if (res)
            return res;
    }

    Py_VISIT(m->md_dict);
    return 0;
}

static int
module_clear(PyObject *self)
{
    PyModuleObject *m = _PyModule_CAST(self);

    /* bpo-39824: Don't call m_clear() if m_size > 0 and md_state=NULL */
    if (m->md_def && m->md_def->m_clear
        && (m->md_def->m_size <= 0 || m->md_state != NULL))
    {
        int res = m->md_def->m_clear((PyObject*)m);
        if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
            PyErr_FormatUnraisable("Exception ignored in m_clear of module%s%V",
                                   m->md_name ? " " : "",
                                   m->md_name, "");
        }
        if (res)
            return res;
    }
    Py_CLEAR(m->md_dict);
    return 0;
}

static PyObject *
module_dir(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *result = NULL;
    PyObject *dict = PyObject_GetAttr(self, &_Py_ID(__dict__));

    if (dict != NULL) {
        if (PyDict_Check(dict)) {
            PyObject *dirfunc = PyDict_GetItemWithError(dict, &_Py_ID(__dir__));
            if (dirfunc) {
                result = _PyObject_CallNoArgs(dirfunc);
            }
            else if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
                result = PyDict_Keys(dict);
            }
        }
        else {
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "<module>.__dict__ is not a dictionary");
        }
    }

    Py_XDECREF(dict);
    return result;
}

static PyMethodDef module_methods[] = {
    {"__dir__", module_dir, METH_NOARGS,
     PyDoc_STR("__dir__() -> list\nspecialized dir() implementation")},
    {0}
};

static PyObject *
module_get_dict(PyModuleObject *m)
{
    PyObject *dict = PyObject_GetAttr((PyObject *)m, &_Py_ID(__dict__));
    if (dict == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (!PyDict_Check(dict)) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "<module>.__dict__ is not a dictionary");
        Py_DECREF(dict);
        return NULL;
    }
    return dict;
}

static PyObject *
module_get_annotate(PyObject *self, void *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    PyModuleObject *m = _PyModule_CAST(self);

    PyObject *dict = module_get_dict(m);
    if (dict == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }

    PyObject *annotate;
    if (PyDict_GetItemRef(dict, &_Py_ID(__annotate__), &annotate) == 0) {
        annotate = Py_None;
        if (PyDict_SetItem(dict, &_Py_ID(__annotate__), annotate) == -1) {
            Py_CLEAR(annotate);
        }
    }
    Py_DECREF(dict);
    return annotate;
}

static int
module_set_annotate(PyObject *self, PyObject *value, void *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    PyModuleObject *m = _PyModule_CAST(self);
    if (value == NULL) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "cannot delete __annotate__ attribute");
        return -1;
    }

    PyObject *dict = module_get_dict(m);
    if (dict == NULL) {
        return -1;
    }

    if (!Py_IsNone(value) && !PyCallable_Check(value)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "__annotate__ must be callable or None");
        Py_DECREF(dict);
        return -1;
    }

    if (PyDict_SetItem(dict, &_Py_ID(__annotate__), value) == -1) {
        Py_DECREF(dict);
        return -1;
    }
    if (!Py_IsNone(value)) {
        if (PyDict_Pop(dict, &_Py_ID(__annotations__), NULL) == -1) {
            Py_DECREF(dict);
            return -1;
        }
    }
    Py_DECREF(dict);
    return 0;
}

static PyObject *
module_get_annotations(PyObject *self, void *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    PyModuleObject *m = _PyModule_CAST(self);

    PyObject *dict = module_get_dict(m);
    if (dict == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }

    PyObject *annotations;
    if (PyDict_GetItemRef(dict, &_Py_ID(__annotations__), &annotations) == 0) {
        PyObject *annotate;
        int annotate_result = PyDict_GetItemRef(dict, &_Py_ID(__annotate__), &annotate);
        if (annotate_result < 0) {
            Py_DECREF(dict);
            return NULL;
        }
        if (annotate_result == 1 && PyCallable_Check(annotate)) {
            PyObject *one = _PyLong_GetOne();
            annotations = _PyObject_CallOneArg(annotate, one);
            if (annotations == NULL) {
                Py_DECREF(annotate);
                Py_DECREF(dict);
                return NULL;
            }
            if (!PyDict_Check(annotations)) {
                PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "__annotate__ returned non-dict of type '%.100s'",
                             Py_TYPE(annotations)->tp_name);
                Py_DECREF(annotate);
                Py_DECREF(annotations);
                Py_DECREF(dict);
                return NULL;
            }
        }
        else {
            annotations = PyDict_New();
        }
        Py_XDECREF(annotate);
        if (annotations) {
            int result = PyDict_SetItem(
                    dict, &_Py_ID(__annotations__), annotations);
            if (result) {
                Py_CLEAR(annotations);
            }
        }
    }
    Py_DECREF(dict);
    return annotations;
}

static int
module_set_annotations(PyObject *self, PyObject *value, void *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    PyModuleObject *m = _PyModule_CAST(self);

    PyObject *dict = module_get_dict(m);
    if (dict == NULL) {
        return -1;
    }

    int ret = -1;
    if (value != NULL) {
        /* set */
        ret = PyDict_SetItem(dict, &_Py_ID(__annotations__), value);
    }
    else {
        /* delete */
        ret = PyDict_Pop(dict, &_Py_ID(__annotations__), NULL);
        if (ret == 0) {
            PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_AttributeError, &_Py_ID(__annotations__));
            ret = -1;
        }
        else if (ret > 0) {
            ret = 0;
        }
    }
    if (ret == 0 && PyDict_Pop(dict, &_Py_ID(__annotate__), NULL) < 0) {
        ret = -1;
    }

    Py_DECREF(dict);
    return ret;
}


static PyGetSetDef module_getsets[] = {
    {"__annotations__", module_get_annotations, module_set_annotations},
    {"__annotate__", module_get_annotate, module_set_annotate},
    {NULL}
};

PyTypeObject PyModule_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
    "module",                                   /* tp_name */
    sizeof(PyModuleObject),                     /* tp_basicsize */
    0,                                          /* tp_itemsize */
    module_dealloc,                             /* tp_dealloc */
    0,                                          /* tp_vectorcall_offset */
    0,                                          /* tp_getattr */
    0,                                          /* tp_setattr */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_async */
    module_repr,                                /* tp_repr */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_number */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_sequence */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_mapping */
    0,                                          /* tp_hash */
    0,                                          /* tp_call */
    0,                                          /* tp_str */
    _Py_module_getattro,                        /* tp_getattro */
    PyObject_GenericSetAttr,                    /* tp_setattro */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_buffer */
    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC |
        Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE,                    /* tp_flags */
    module___init____doc__,                     /* tp_doc */
    module_traverse,                            /* tp_traverse */
    module_clear,                               /* tp_clear */
    0,                                          /* tp_richcompare */
    offsetof(PyModuleObject, md_weaklist),      /* tp_weaklistoffset */
    0,                                          /* tp_iter */
    0,                                          /* tp_iternext */
    module_methods,                             /* tp_methods */
    module_members,                             /* tp_members */
    module_getsets,                             /* tp_getset */
    0,                                          /* tp_base */
    0,                                          /* tp_dict */
    0,                                          /* tp_descr_get */
    0,                                          /* tp_descr_set */
    offsetof(PyModuleObject, md_dict),          /* tp_dictoffset */
    module___init__,                            /* tp_init */
    0,                                          /* tp_alloc */
    new_module,                                 /* tp_new */
    PyObject_GC_Del,                            /* tp_free */
};